Glyptic depictions of Tyche in Asia Minor
Keywords:
Intaglio, cameo, engraved gems, finger-rings, Tyche, Fortuna, Asia Minor, Turkey, Syria, Roman period, glyptics, iconography, Roman archaeologyAbstract
This paper is devoted to depictions of Tyche on engraved gems in Asia Minor mostly from the Roman period. The aim is to create an iconographic typology for Tyche as represented in Roman glyptic art in Turkey, to reveal the development of the iconography of the goddess in the East and to distinguish more individualised images from the products of mass production. The study material is located in local museums, from west to east, in Izmir, Ephesus, Akhisar, Aydın, Marmaris, İznik, Burdur, Ankara, Konya, Amasya and Gaziantep in different parts of modern-day Turkey. 40 engraved gems, a glass medallion and a terracotta bulla with Tyche iconographies are here divided into twelve types which are presented with their compositions and chronologies. As a result of this study, a deepened iconographical analysis of these gems was constructed which indicates that many types depicting Tyche are of local significance.
References
Ancient Sources:
Race, P.I.W.H. (ed. and trans.) 1997. Olympian Odes. Pythian Odes (Loeb Classical Library). Cambridge, MA.AGDS I:1 = Brandt E. 1968. Antike Gemmen in deutschen Sammlungen, vol. 1, part 1: Staatliche Münzsammlung München, part 1. Munich.
Modern Sources, Abbreviations:
AGDS I:3 = Brandt E., Gercke W., Krug A. and Schmidt E. 1972. Antike Gemmen in deutschen Sammlungen, vol. 1: Staatliche Münzsammlung München, part 3: Gemmen und Glaspasten der römischen Kaiserzeit sowie Nachträge. Munich.
AGDS III Kassel = P. Zazoff 1970. Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Kassel, in V. Scherf, P. Gercke and P. Zazoff Antike Gemmen in deutschen Sammlungen, vol. 3: Herzog Anton Urlich Museum Braunschweig, Sammlung in Arch. Inst. der Universitat Göttingen, Staatliche Kunstsammlugen Kassel: 167–270. Wiesbaden.
AGDS IV Hannover = M. Schlüter, G. Platz-Horster and P. Zazoff 1975. Antike Gemmen in deutschen Sammlungen, vol. 4: Kestner-Museum Hannover, Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe Hamburg. Wiesbaden.
LIMC 1981–2009 = L. Kahil et al. (eds) Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae. Zurich, Munich and Düsseldorf.
SNG 1956 = O. Mørkholm, Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum: Denmark. The Royal Collection of Coins and Medals, Danish National Museum, part 34: Cyprus-Cappadocia. Uncertain coins. Imperial cistophori. Copenhagen.
Modern Sources:
Akbaş, S. 2020. Kahramanmaraş Müzesi Deposundaki Yüzük Taşları [Ring-stones in the depot of the Museum of Kahramanmaraş]. Master’s thesis, Gaziantep Üniversitesi, Gaziantep. Retrieved from <https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezDetay. jsp?id=_qlT8O6De7_EIJKrxlmEwA&no=3i71hU5t5m-bExDQ0YSzHQ> (status as of Jan., 1st, 2025).
Amorai-Stark, S. 1993. Engraved Gems and Seals from Two Collections in Jerusalem: The Studium Biblicum Franciscanum Museum Gem Collection and the Pontifical Biblical Institute Museum Gem Collection (Studium Biblicum Franciscanum Museum 11). Jerusalem.
Amorai-Stark, S. and M. Hershkovitz 2016. Ancient Gems, Finger Rings and Seal Boxes from Caesarea Maritima. The Hendler Collection. Zichron Yaakov.
Arslan, M. and Y. Yeğin 2021. Ankara’dan Isis ve Harpokrates Betimli Sihirli Yüzük Taşları ve Amuletler [Magical ringstones and amulets with depictions of Isis and Harpocrates from Ankara]. Seleucia 11: 113–136.
Arslan, M. and Y. Yeğin 2022. Ankara’dan Isis-Tykhe Betimli Sihirli bir Grup Yüzük Taşı [A group of magical ring-stones with depictions of Isis-Tyche from Ankara]. Anadolu Araştırmaları / Anatolian Research 26: 81–100. DOI: 10.26650/anar.2022.1061883.
Arya, D.A. 2002. The Goddess Fortuna in Imperial Rome: Cult, Art, Text. Unpublished PhD, Austin, The University of Texas. Retrieved from (status as of Jan. 1st, 2025).
Aubry, S. 2022. Divinités poliades et tutélaires féminines, syncrétisme et inscriptions: les cas des Néméséis de Smyrne et de la Tyché d’Antioche. Γλυπτός /Glyptós 3 [= S.P. Yébenes (ed.) Diosas, mujeres y símbolos femeninos en la glíptica antigua/ Goddesses, Women, and Feminine Symbols in Ancient Glyptic (Thema Mundi 14): 72–121. Madrid.
Avli, A. 2020. Neapolis Nekropolü’nden İki Oda Mezar ve Buluntuları [Two Chamber Burials and Finds from the Necropolis of Neapolis]. Master’s thesis, Erzurum, Atatük Üniversitesi.
Balty, J. 1995. Mosaïques antiques du Proche-Orient: chronologie, iconographie, interprétation (Centre de Recherches d’Histoire Ancienne 140; Annales littéraires de l’Université de Besançon 551). Besançon. DOI: 10.3406/ista.1995.2582.
Baukova, A.Yu. 2021. Goddess Tyche in the coinage of the cities of the Roman province of Asia, in M. Tarasenko (ed.) Preislamic Near East: History, Religion, Culture: 9–26. Lviv: A.Yu. Krymskyi Institute of Oriental Studies of the NAS of Ukraine. Retrieved from <https://www.oriental-studies.org.ua/en/a-yu-baukova-goddess-tyche-inthe-coinage-of-the-cities-of-the-roman-province-of-asia-2/> (status as of Jan. 1st, 2025). DOI: 10.15407/preislamic2021.02.009.
Beaurin, L. 2008. Isis-Fortuna à Pompéi. Le succès d’une déesse intégrée. Oebalus 3: 267–293.
Belayche, N. 2003. Tychè et la Tychè dans les cités de la Palestine romaine. Syria 80: 111–138.
Berry, B.Y. 1965. A Selection of Ancient Gems from the Collection of Burton Y. Berry (Indiana University, Museum of Art Publication 5). Bloomington.
Bingöl, I. 1999. Anadolu Medeniyetler Müzesi, Antik Takılar/ Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, Ancient Jewellery (Kültür Bakanlığı Anıtlar ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları). Ankara.
Boardman, J. and M.-L. Vollenweider 1978. Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. Catalogue of the Engraved Gems and Finger Rings vol. 1: Greek and Etruscan. Oxford.
Bruns, G. 1948. Staatskameen des 4. Jahrhunderts nach Christi Geburt (104. Winckelmannsprogramm der Archäologischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin). Berlin.
Butcher, K. 2024. The Antioch mint: From Seleucus to the Roman period, in A.U. di Giorgi (ed.) Antioch on the Orontes: History, Society, Ecology, and Visual Culture: 57–77. Cambridge. DOI: 10.1017/9781108988988.
Canciani, F. 1984. Athena/Minerva, in L. Kahil et al. (eds) LIMC vol. II.1: 1074–1109. Zurich: Munich and Düsseldorf.
Casal García, R. 1990. Collección de glíptica del Museo Arqueológico Nacional (serie de entalles romanos). Bilbao.
Cavalieri, M. 2008. La Tyche di Castelraimondo. Un’iconografia ellenistica rinvenuta sulle Alpi orientali italiane. Res Antiquae 5 : 15–22.
Cellini, G.A. 1994. Tyche e Nemesi nelle monete di Smirne, in A. Finocchi (ed.) Miscellanea greca e romana 18 (Studi pubblicati dall’Istituto italiano per la storia antica 56): 89– 103. Rome: L’Erma di Bretschneider.
Cellini, G.A. 2007. Aspetti iconografici ed ideologici di Tyche nel mondo ellenisticoromano. Numismatica e antichità classiche – Quaderni Ticinesi 36: 157–190.
Chadour, A.B. 1994. Die Alice und Louis Koch Sammlung: Vierzig Jahrhunderte durch vier Generationen gesehen / The Alice and Louis Koch Collection: Forty Centuries Seen by Four Generations, vol. I: Ringe / Rings. Leeds.
Christof, E. 1993. Das Glück der Stadt: die Tyche von Antiochia und andere Stadttychen (Europäische Hochschulschriften, Reihe 38, Archäologie 74). Frankfurt am Main.
Ciobanu, R. 1989. Le culte de Némésis et Fortuna en Dacie – typologie et iconographie des représentations figuratives. Apulum 25: 275–281. Retrieved from <https://www.scribd.com/document/347526940/Ciobanu-Culte-Nemesis-Et-Fortuna-Dacia-a25-275-281> (status as of Jan. 1st, 2025).
Clerc, G. 1998. Une Isis-Fortuna en Alsace, in W. Clarysse, A. Schoors and H. Willems (eds) Egyptian Religion. The Last Thousand Years. Studies Dedicated to the Memory of Jan Quaegebeur (Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta 84-85) vol. 1: 81–90. Louvain.
Comfort, A. and R. Ergeç 2001. Following the Euphrates in antiquity: North-south routes around Zeugma. Anatolian Studies 51: 19–49. DOI: 10.2307/3643026.
Coralini, A. 1994. Immagini di Tyche-Fortuna in età romana. L’Italia settentrionale, In F. Ferruti (ed.) Le Fortune dell’età arcaica nel Lazio ed in Italia e loro posterità: atti del 3° Convegno di studi archeologici, Palestrina 15 - 16 ottobre 1994: 219–300. Palestrina.
Cravinho, G. 2017. Roman engraved gems in the National Archaeological Museum in Lisbon. Studies in Ancient Art and Civilization 21: 173–245. DOI: 10.12797/ SAAC.21.2017.21.09.
Cravinho, G. 2018. Roman gems in the National Soares Dos Reis Museum in Oporto. Studies in Ancient Art and Civilization 22: 141–189. DOI: 10.12797/SAAC.22.2018.22.07.
Delbrueck, R. 1933. Spätantike Kaiserporträts von Constantinus Magnus bis zum Ende des Westreichs (Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts 48; Studien zur spätantiken Kunstgeschichte 8). Berlin.
Dembski, G. 2005. Die antiken Gemmen und Kameen aus Carnuntum. Vienna.
Deppert-Lippitz, B. 1985. Goldschmuck der Römerzeit im Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseum (Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Forschungsinstitut für Vor- und Frühgeschichte, Kataloge vor- und frühgeschichtlicher Altertümer 23). Mainz. DOI: 10.11588/propylaeum.1387.
Dimitrova-Milcheva, A. 1981. Antique Engraved Gems and Cameos in the National Archaeological Museum in Sofia. Sofia.
Dohrn, T. 1960. Die Tyche von Antiochia. Berlin.
Doksanaltı, E.M. and S. Sağlan 2008. Karaman Müzesi’nde Bulunan Bir Grup Mühür Baskısı [A group of seal impressions in the Museum of Karaman]. Anadolu / Anatolia 34: 77–100. Retrieved from <https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/articlefile/ 779273> (status as of Jan. 1st, 2025).
Edwards, C.M. 1990. Tyche at Corinth. Hesperia 59 (3): 529–542. DOI: 10.2307/148301.
Evans, J.D. 2020. Adorning and protecting. Glass intaglios and the changing character of being a Sardian in the Early Imperial period. Near Eastern Archaeology 83 (4): 200– 209. DOI: 10.1086/708651.
Fırat, H. 2022. Troya Müzesi Hellenistik ve Roma Dönemi İşlenmiş Yarı Değerli Taşları [Hellenistic and Roman engraved gemstones of the Museum of Troy]. Master’s thesis, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, Çanakkale. Retrieved from (status as of Jan., 1st, 2025).
Fossing, P. 1929. The Thorvaldsen Museum Catalogue of the Antique Engraved Gems and Cameos. Copenhagen.
Furtwängler, A. 1896. Königliche Museen zu Berlin. Beschreibung der geschnittenen Steine im Antiquarium. Berlin.
Gagetti, E. 2006. Preziose sculture di età ellenistica e romana (Il Filarete. Pubblicazioni della Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia dell’Università degli Studi di Milano 240). Milan: Pubblicazioni della Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia dell’Università degli Studi di Milano.
Gerring, B. 2000. Phragides. Die gravierten Fingerringe des Hellenismus (British Archaeological Reports, International Series 848). Oxford: BAR.
Gesztelyi, T. 1975. Die Tyche von Antiochia auf einer Gemme von Debrecen. Živa antika / Жива антика / Antiquité vivante 25: 274–284.
Gesztelyi, T. 2000. Antike Gemmen im ungarischen Nationalmuseum (Catalogi Musei Nationalis Hungarici, Seria archeologica 3). Budapest.
Goldman, A.L. 2014. The octagonal gemstones from Gordion: observations and interpretations. Anatolian Studies 64: 163–197. DOI: 10.1017/S0066154614000088.
Goldman, H. (ed.) 1950. Excavations at Gözlü Kule, Tarsus, vol. 1: The Hellenistic and Roman Periods. Princeton.
Gołyźniak, P. 2017. Ancient Engraved Gems in the National Museum in Krakow. Wiesbaden.
Guiraud, H. 1988. Intailles et camées de l’époque romaine en Gaule (territoire français), vol. 1, 48th supplement to Gallia, Paris.
Guiraud, H. 1992: Intaglios from Dura-Europos. Yale University Art Gallery Bulletin: 48 85.
Guiraud, H. 2008. Intailles et camées de l’époque romaine en Gaule (territoire français), vol. 2, 48th supplement to Gallia, Paris.
Guiraud, H. and M.-J. Roulière-Lambert 1995. Intailles de Lons-le-Saunier, Jura. Gallia52: 359–406. DOI: 10.3406/galia.1995.3158.
Gülbay, O. 2017. Haluk Perk Arşivi İntaglio ve Cameo (Yüzük Taşları) Koleksiyonu [The collection of the intaglio and cameo (ringstones) in the Haluk Perk Archive]. Arkeoloji ve Sanat [Archaeology and art] 156: 199–210.
Hamburger, A. 1968. Gems from Caesarea Maritima [‘Atiqot (English series) 8]. Jerusalem: The Department of Antiquities and Museums in the Ministry of Culture.
Hatiṗ oğlu, M. and E. Çoban 2021. Gem-quality blue sapphires (Al2O3-corundum variety) from the Milas-Yatağan region, Muğla, Turkey. Academia Letters, article no. 4085. DOI: 10.20935/AL4085.
Henig, M. 1971. A bronze figurine possibly from Woodeaton in the Guildhall Museum, London. Oxoniensia 36: 106–107 and pl. 19 <https://www.oxoniensia.org/volumes/1971/ notes.pdf> (status as of Jan. 1st, 2025).
Henig, M. 1975. The Lewis Collection of Engraved Gemstones in Corpus Christi College, Cambridge (British Archaeological Reports, International Series 1). Oxford: BAR.
Henig, M. 1981. Amaltheia, in L. Kahil et al. (eds) LIMC vol. I.1: 582–584. Zurich, Munich and Düsseldorf.
Henig, M. 1983. Archbishop Hubert Walter’s gems. Journal of the British Archaeological Association 136: 56–61.
Henig, M. 2007. A Corpus of Roman Engraved Gemstones from British Sites (British Archaeological Reports, British Series 8). Oxford (third edition): BAR.
Henig, M. 2012. The gemstones, in B. Philip (ed.) The Discovery and Excavation of the Roman Shore-Fort at Dover, Kent (Kent Monograph Series 11): 124–130. Kent.
Henig, M. 2017. Roman gems in old collections and in modern archaeology, in B.J.L. van den Bercken and V.C.P. Baan (eds) Engraved Gems from Antiquity to the Present: 15–29. Leiden.
Henig, M. 2025. The invisibility of local gods in the glyptic art of the western provinces: the case of the goddess Ceres, in E.M. Günther, S. Günther, E. Laflı and N. Serwint (eds) Glyptica. Current Studies on Ancient Greek, Roman and Early Byzantine Engraved Gems (Alter Orient und Altes Testament. Veröffentlichungen zur Kultur und Geschichte des Alten Orients und des Alten Testaments 474): 255–275. Tecklenburg.
Henig, M. and Laflı E. 2024. Two Roman engraved gemstones with Anatolian iconography (a note). Γλυπτός/ Glyptós 5 [=S.P. Yébenes (ed.) Astrology and Magic in Ancient Gems (Thema Mundi 18)]: 11–17. Madrid.
Henig, M. and A. MacGregor 2004. Catalogue of the Engraved Gems and Finger-Rings in the Ashmolean Museum, vol. 2: Roman (Beazley Archive - Studies in Gems and Jewellery 3, British Archaeological Reports, International Series 1332). Oxford: BAR.
Henig, M. and M. Whiting 1987. Engraved Gems from Gadara in Jordan. The Sa’d Collection of Intaglios and Cameos (Oxford University Committe for Archaeology, Monograph 6). Oxford.
Hoey Middleton, S.E. 1991. Engraved Gems from Dalmatia from the Collections of Sir John Gardner Wilkinson and Sir Arthur Evans in Harrow School, at Oxford and Elsewhere (Oxford University Committee for Archaeology, Monograph 31). Oxford.
Hoey Middleton, S.E. 2001. Classical Engraved Gems from Turkey and Elsewhere. The Wright Collection (British Archaeological Reports, International Series 957). Oxford.
Horster, G. 1970. Statuen auf Gemmen. Bonn.
İbiş, R. 2021. Çorum Müzesi’nden Bazı Pers, Hellenistik, Roma Dönemi Eserler ve Düşündürdükleri [Some Persian, Hellenistic and Roman artifacts from the Museum of Çorum and their implications], in E. Sökmen and A. Schachner (eds) Understanding Transformations: Exploring the Black Sea Region and Northern Central Anatolia in Antiquity (Byzas, Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Istanbul 26): 69–106. Istanbul.
Johns, C. 1997. The Snettisham Roman Jeweller’s Hoard. London.
Johns, C. and T. Potter 1983. The Thetford Treasure, Roman Jewellery and Silver (British Museum Publications). London.
Jolliffe, N. 1941. Dea Brigantia. Archaeological Journal 98: 36–61.
Kaić, I. 2024. Zbirka rimskih gema iz Arheološkog muzrja u Zagrebu / Collection of Roman Engraved Gems in the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb ( Musei Archaeologici Zagrabiensis, Catalogi et Monographie 18/ Catalogues and Monographs of the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb 18; Dissertationes et Monographiae, Arheološki zavod, Filozofskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu svezak 11/ Dissertations and Monographs, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb 11). Zagreb.
Keppie, L.J.F. and Arnold B.J. 1984. Corpus Signorum Imperii Romani. Great Britain vol. I.4: Scotland. Oxford.
Kılıç, E., Z.S. Karakaş, Ç. Lüle and İ.S. Sayılı 2021. EskişehirSivrihisar Karaçam Köyü Kromlu Kalsedon Oluşumlarına ait Jeolojik, Kimyasal ve Gemolojik İlk Veriler [Preliminary geological, chemical and gemological data on chromian chalcedony occurences at Karaçam village, Sivrihisar, Eskişehir, Turkey], in A. Günal Türkmenoğlu and Ş. Demirci (eds) V. ODTÜ Arkeometri Çalıştayı. Türkiye Arkeolojisinde Takı ve Boncuk: Arkeolojik ve Arkeometrik Çalışmalar. Prof. Dr. Ay Melek Özer Onuruna, 14–16 Kasım 2019, Kültür Kongre Merkezi, D Salonu, Bildiriler Kitabı [Proceedings of the fifth METU archaeometry workshop. Jewellery and beads in Turkish archaeology: archaeological and archaeometric studies in honour of Professor Ay Melek Özer, 14–16 November 2019, Cultural congress centre, Hall D]: 105–114. Ankara.
Kılıç, M. 2014. The cults of Nemeseis and Tyche at Smyrna. Belleten 78: 283, 833– 854. DOI: 10.37879/belleten.2014.833.
Klenina, E. and A.B. Biernacki 2025. Roman rings with engraved gems from Novae (Moesia Inferior) and its vicinity, in E.M. Günther, S. Günther, E. Laflı and N. Serwint (eds) Glyptica. Current Studies on Ancient Greek, Roman and Early Byzantine Engraved Gems (Alter Orient und Altes Testament. Veröffentlichungen zur Kultur und Geschichte des Alten Orients und des Alten Testaments 474): 277–300. Tecklenburg.
Klose, D.O.A. 1984. Nikopolis und Doliche. Jahrbuch für Numismatik und Geldgeschichte 34: 62–75.
Konuk, K. and M. Arslan 2000. Anadolu Antik Yüzük Taşları ve Yüzükleri. Yüksel Erimtan Koleksiyonu / Ancient gems and finger rings from Asia Minor. The Yüksel Erimtan Collection. Ankara.
Kropp, A.J.M. 2011. Anatomy of a Phoenician goddess: the Tyche of Berytus and her acolytes. Journal of Roman Archaeology 24: 1, 389–407. DOI: 10.1017/ S1047759400022091.
Kulbay, D. 2019. Konya, Burdur ve Fethiye Müzelerinin Arşivinde Yer Alan Betimlemeli Yüzük Taşları [Figured ringstones in the archives of Konya, Burdur and Fethiye Museums]. Unpublished Master’s thesis, Selçuk Üniversitesi, Konya.
Laflı, E. 2015-2016. Roman bronze figurines in the Museum of Ödemiş. Mediterranean Archaeology 28/29: 117–124.
Laflı, E. and H. Bru 2023. Inscriptions gréco-romaines d’Anatolie IX, in G. Labarre and H. Bru (eds) Chronique d’Orient. Dialogues d’histoire ancienne 46: 2, 370–379. Retrieved from <https://www.persee.fr/doc/dha_0755-7256_2020_num_46_2_4990> (status as of Jan. 1st, 2025).
Laflı, E. and M. Buora 2024. Terracotta figurines from Cilicia (southern Turkey). Numismatica e antichità classiche – Quaderni Ticinesi 53: 79–142.
Laflı, E. and M. Feugère 2006. Statues et statuettes en bronze de Cilicie avec deux annexes sur la main de Comana et les figurines en bronze du Musée de Hatay (British Archaeological Reports, International Series 1584). Oxford.
Laflı, E. and M. Henig 2023. Dionysus and his circle on Anatolian glyptics. Memoria Antiquitatis. Acta Musei Petrodavensis 39: 287–316.
Laflı, E. and M. Henig 2024a. Plants on Anatolian glyptics. Gemmae. An International Journal on Glyptic Studies 6: 101–127. DOI: 10.19272/202414201009.
Laflı, E. and M. Henig M. 2024b. Hellenistic and Roman gems and jewellery from south-western Turkey. Materiale şi Cercetǎri Arheologice 20: 147–170. DOI: 10.3406/ mcarh.2024.2328.
Laflı, E. and M. Henig 2025a. Iconography of Demeter/Ceres on Anatolian glyptics, in Funerary Archaeology in the Eastern Mediterranean and Danubian – Pontic Area (7th Century BC – 7th Century AD), Hosted by Pontica Conference from 2023 (Pontica 56, Supplementum). Constanța.
Laflı, E. and M. Henig 2025b. Hermes/Mercury depictions on Anatolian glyptics. Acta Classica Universitatis Scientiarum Debreceniensis 61: 187–231. DOI: 10.22315/ ACD/2025/13.
Laflı, E., M. Henig and A. Mastrocinque 2024. Some engraved gems and jewellery by acquisitions from western Turkey. Quaderni friulani di archeologia 34: 117–157.
Lichocka, B. 1997. L’iconographie de Fortuna dans l’Empire romain (Ier siècle avant n.è. –IVe siècle de n.è.) (Travaux du Centre d›archéologie méditerranéenne de l›Académie polonaise des sciences 29). Warsaw.
Lungu, V., Z. Covacef and C. Chera 2012. Bijuterii antice din aur din colecţiile Muzeului de Istorie Naţională şi Arheologie Constanţa [Ancient gold jewellery from the collections of the National Museum of History and Archaeology at Constanţa] (Bibliotheca Tomitana 6). Constanţa. Retrieved from <https://www.minac.ro/assets/bt6-bijuterii-antice-din-aur.pdf> (status as of Jan. 1st, 2025).
Maaskant-Kleibrink, M. 1978. Catalogue of the Engraved Gems in the Royal Coin Cabinet, The Hague (The Greek, Etruscan and Roman Collections). The Hague and Wiesbaden.
Maaskant-Kleibrink, M. 1986. Description of the Collections in the Rijksmuseum G. M. Kam at Nijmegen/ Beschrijving van de verzamelingen in het Rijksmuseum G.M. Kam te Nijmegen, vol. 10: The Engraved Gems. Roman and non-Roman. Nijmegen.
Mac Sweeney, N. 2025. Survey and landscape: The surprising Roman temple at Arıkuyusu (Mersin Province, Türkiye), in L. Diers, D. Hagmann, B. Hamarneh, J. Kopf and H. Schörner (eds) Cursus studiorum. Festschrift für Günther Schörner zum 65. Geburtstag: 97 – 110. Heidelberg. DOI: 10.11588/propylaeum.1414.c20125.
Magni, A. 2009. Le gemme di età classica, in G. Sena Chiesa (ed.) Gemme dei Civici Musei d’Arte di Verona (Collezioni e Musei Archeologici del Veneto 45): 15–142. Rome.
Magni, A. 2025. Eastern gems in a western collection: Elements for their recognition and the case study of Mount Argaios, in E.M. Günther, S. Günther, E. Laflı and N. Serwint (eds) Glyptica. Current Studies on Ancient Greek, Roman and Early Byzantine Engraved Gems (Alter Orient und Altes Testament. Veröffentlichungen zur Kultur und Geschichte des Alten Orients und des Alten Testaments 474): 325–359. Tecklenburg.
Marsden, P.R.V. 1966. A Roman Ship from Blackfriars, London. London.
Marshall, F.H. 1907. Catalogue of the Finger Rings, Greek, Etruscan, and Roman, in the Departments of Antiquities, British Museum. London.
Matheson, S.B. 1994. The goddess Tyche. Yale University Art Gallery Bulletin (=An obsession with fortune: Tyche in Greek and Roman art): 18–33.
Maximowa, M. 1927. Der “Trajankameo” der Ermitage (Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts 42). Berlin/Leipzig.
Meyer, M. 2000. Bronzestatuetten im Typus der Tyche von Antiocheia. Kölner Jahrbuch 33: 185–195.
Meyer, M. 2006. Die Personifikation der Stadt Antiocheia. Ein neues Bild für eine neue Gottheit (Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Ergänzungsheft 33). Berlin and New York.
Meyer, M. 2022. Ein Bild fließenden Wassers. Der Orontes zu Füßen der Stadtpersonifikation von Antiocheia, in K. Ehling and S. Kerschbaum (eds) Göttliche Größe und gezähmte Gewalt. Flüsse vom babylonischen Euphrat bis zum römischen Rhein. Flüsse in der Antike und ihre Bedeutung: Vom 3. Jahrtausend v. Chr. bis ins 21. Jahrhundert (Sonderbände der Antiken Welt; Zaberns Bildbände zur Archäologie): 22–29. Darmstadt.
Miano, D. 2018. Fortuna: Deity and Concept in Archaic and Republican Italy. Oxford and New York. DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198786566.001.0001.
Mussche, H.F. 1955. Le rameau de palmier et la gerbe d'épis, attributs de la Tychè gréco-romaine. L'Antiquité classique 24/2: 431–437. DOI: 10.3406/antiq.1955.3271.
Nardelli, B. 2005. Religious testimonies found on Roman gems from Dalmatia kept in the Archaeological Museum in Venice, in M. Sanader and A. Rendić-Miočević (eds) Religija i mit kao poticaj rimskoj provincijalnoj plastici: akti VIII. Međunarodnog kolokvija o problemima rimskog provincijalnog umjetničkog stvaralaštva, Zagreb, 5.-8.V.2003/ Religion und Mythos als Anregung für die provinzialrömische Plastik: Akten des VIII. Internationalen Kolloquiums über Probleme des provinzialrömischen Kunstschaffens/ The Proceedings of the 8th International Colloquium on Problems of Roman Provincial Art, Zagreb 5.-8.5. 2003. Religion and Myth as an Impetus for the Roman Provincial Sculpture: 237–242. Zagreb.
Neumann, K. 2021. Antioch in Syria: A History from Coins (300 BCE-450 CE). Cambridge/ New York. DOI: 10.1017/9781108938471.
Neverov, O.Ya. 1971. Antique Cameos in the Hermitage Collection. Leningrad/St. Petersburg.
Neverov, O.Ya. 1988. Античные камни в собрании Эрмитажа: Каталог [Ancient cameos in the Collection of the Hermitage]. Leningrad/St. Petersburg.
Nollé, M.K. and J. Nollé 1994. Götter, Städte, Feste: kleinasiatische Münzen der römischen Kaiserzeit. Begleitheft zu einer Ausstellung von Münzen der Pfälzer Privatsammlungen vom 22. Juli bis 30. Oktober 1994 in der Staatlichen Münzsammlung München (Begleithefte der Staatlichen Münzsammlung München). Munich.
Önal, M. 2007. Clay Seal Impressions of Zeugma/ Kil Mühür Baskıları. Ankara.
Önal, M. 2014. Zeugma ve Doliche Mühür Baskılarında Tykhe Betimlemeleri [Depictions of Tyche on seal impressions from Zeugma and Doliche], in A. Özfırat and Ç. Uygun (eds) Uluslararası Çağlar Boyunca Hatay ve Çevresi Arkeolojisi Sempozyumu Bildirileri 21 -24 Mayıs 2013 Antakya/ The Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Archaeology of Hatay and Its Vicinity through the Ages, 21-24 May 2013 Antakya (Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Yayınları No. 52): 269–284. Hatay.
Önal, M. 2018. Die Siegelabdrücke von Zeugma (Asia Minor Studien 85; Dolichener und Kommagenische Forschungen 10). Bonn.
Pannuti, U. 1983. Catalogo della collezione glittica del Museo archeologico nazionale di Napoli vol. 1 (Cataloghi dei musei e gallerie d’Italia, N.S. 8). Rome.
Peleg, O. 2003. Roman intaglio gemstones from Aelia Capitolina. Palestine Exploration Quarterly 135: 1, 54–69. DOI: 10.1179/peq.2003.135.1.54.
Peleg-Bark, O. 2011. Chapter fifteen: The Roman intaglios from the Temple Mount excavations, In E. Mazar (ed.) The Temple Mount Excavations in Jerusalem 1968-1978 Directed by Benjamin Mazar: Final Report, vol. 4: The Tenth Legion in Aelia Capitolina (Qedem 52): 255–304. Jerusalem.
Philipp, H. 1986. Mira et magica, Gemmen im Ägyptischen Museum der Staatlichen Museen. Preußischer Kulturbesitz Berlin-Charlottenberg. Mainz.
Picard, Chr. 1947. La Némésis-Tyché de Vienne (Isère). Gallia 5: 2, 259–270. DOI: 10.3406/galia.1947.2041.
Platz-Horster, G. 1987. Die antiken Gemmen aus Xanten 1, im Besitz des Niederrheinischen Altertumsvereins, des Rheinischen Landesmuseums Bonn, der Katholischen Kirchengemeinde St. Viktor und des Regionalmuseums Xanten (Kunst und Altertum am Rhein. Führer des Rheinischen Landesmuseums Bonn und des Rheinischen Amtes für Bodendenkmalpflege 126). Cologne.
Platz-Horster, G. 1994. Die antiken Gemmen aus Xanten 2, im Besitz des Archäologischen Parks/ Regionalmuseums Xanten, der Katholischen Kirchengemeinde St. Mariae Himmelfahrt Marienbaum sowie in Privatbesitz (Archäologischer Park Regionalmuseum Xanten, Führer und Schriften des Regionalmuseums Xanten 35). Cologne.
Platz-Horster, G. 2009. Die antiken Gemmen aus Xanten. Xantener Berichte 15: 129 181.
Platz-Horster, G. 2010. Kleine Praser and Chromium-bearing Chalcedonies. About a small group of engraved gems. Pallas. Revue d’études antiques 83: 179–202. DOI: 10.4000/pallas.10993.
Plantzos, D. 1999. Hellenistic Engraved Gems (Oxford monographs on classical archaeology). Oxford.
Puppo, P. 2025. A particular class of engraved gems: the gnostic-magical gems from Luni (La Spezia), in E.M. Günther, S. Günther, E. Laflı and N. Serwint (eds) Glyptica. Current Studies on Ancient Greek, Roman and Early Byzantine Engraved Gems (Alter Orient und Altes Testament. Veröffentlichungen zur Kultur und Geschichte des Alten Orients und des Alten Testaments 474): 509–525. Tecklenburg.
Rausa, F. 1997. Tyche/Fortuna, in L. Kahil et al. (eds) LIMC vol. VIII: 1, 125–141. Zurich, Munich and Düsseldorf.
Raja, R. 2025. Palmyrene Iconographic traditions and their Mediterranean connections. A note on some signet seal impressions on Palmyrene tesserae, in R. Raja (ed.), Palmyra. The Mediterranean and beyond (Mediterranean Studies in Antiquity 2): 49– 109. Cambridge. DOI: 10.1017/9781009532044.004.
Richter, G.M.A. 1956. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Catalogue of Engraved Gems, Greek, Etruscan and Roman. Rome.
Richter, G.M.A. 1971. The Engraved Gems of the Greeks, Etruscans and Romans vol. II. Engraved Gems of the Romans. A Supplement to the History of Roman Art. London.
Roscam, P. 1973. Intailles inédites des Musées royaux d’art et d’histoire de Bruxelles, au type de Tychè-Fortuna. Bulletin de l’Institut historique belge de Rome 43: 11–47.
Sauer, V. 2016. Konventionelle Individualität. Zur Münzprägung nordanatolischerStädte in der römischen Kaiserzeit. Anatolia antiqua 24: 163–209. DOI: 10.4000/ anatoliaantiqua.381.
Sena Chiesa, G. 1966. Gemme del Museo Nazionale di Aquileia. Padua (two vols).
Sfameni Gasparro, G. 1998. Iside Fortuna: Fatalismo e divinità sovrane del destino nel mondo ellenistico-romano, in Le Fortune dell’età arcaica nel Lazio ed in Italia e la loro posterità. Atti del 3° Convegno di Studi archeologici sull’antica Preneste (Palestrina 15-16 ottobre 1994): 301–323. Palestrina.
Shelton, K.J. 1981. The Esquiline Treasure. London.
Smith, R.R.R. 2021. Maiestas Serena: Roman court cameos and early imperial poetry and panegyric. Journal of Roman Studies 111: 75–152. DOI: 10.1017/S0075435821000459.
Smith, R.W. and K.W. Larsen 2022. The significance of water-deities subjugated by Tyche on the city-coins of Syria-Palaestina and Arabia during the 2nd and 3rd century CE. OZeAN - Online Zeitschrift zur Antiken Numismatik 4: 53–66. DOI: ozean-2022-4569. Retrieved from <https://www.uni-muenster.de/Ejournals/index.php/ozean/ article/view/4569/4657> (status as of Jan. 1st, 2025).
Sönmez, B.E. 2021. Roma İmparatorluk Dönemi Afyon Müzesi’nde Bulunan Tykhe Grubu Adak Heykelcikleri [A group of votive figurines of Tyche from the Roman Imperial period in the Museum of Afyon]. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi/ The Journal of International Social Research 14/76: 149–155. DOI: 10.30783/nevsosbilen.870084.
Spier, J. 1989. A group of Ptolemaic engraved garnets. The Journal of the Walters Art Gallery 47: 21–38.
Spier, J. 1992. Ancient Gems and Finger Rings (Catalogue of the collections of the J. Paul Getty Museum). Malibu.
Stansbury-O’Donnell, M.D. 1994. Reflections of the Tyche of Antioch in literary sources and on coins. Yale University Art Gallery Bulletin (=An obsession with fortune: Tyche in Greek and Roman art): 50–63.
Stefani, L. 1856. Путеводитель по античному отделению Эрмитажа. Зал резных камней, Пропилеи vol. 5 [Guidebook to the Department of Antiquity of the Hermitage Museum. Hall of Carved Stones, Propylaea]. Moscow.
Still, M.C.W. 1995. Roman Lead Sealings. Unpublished PhD thesis, University College of London, London.
Tamma, G. 1991. Le gemme del Museo Archeologico di Bari (Adrias 3). Bari.
Tassinari, G. 2025. Gems in Greece, Egypt and the Near East, souvenirs of the grand tour: a manuscript of Sir Richard Worsley, in E.M. Günther, S. Günther, E. Laflı and N. Serwint (eds) Glyptica. Current Studies on Ancient Greek, Roman and Early Byzantine Engraved Gems (Alter Orient und Altes Testament. Veröffentlichungen zur Kultur und Geschichte des Alten Orients und des Alten Testaments 474): 549–588. Tecklenburg.
Thompson, D.B. 1973. Ptolemaic Oinochoai and Portraits in Faiance. Aspects of the Ruler-Cult (Oxford monographs on classical archaeology). Oxford.
Tondo, L. and F.M. Vanni 1990. Le gemme dei Medici e dei Lorena nel Museo Archeologico di Firenze (Ministero dei beni culturi e ambientali, Soprintendendenza archeologica della Toscana). Florence.
Tozzi, C. 2025. A gem engraved with Tyche/Fortuna from a necropolis in Rome, in E.M. Günther, S. Günther, E. Laflı and N. Serwint (eds) Glyptica. Current Studies on Ancient Greek, Roman and Early Byzantine Engraved Gems (Alter Orient und Altes Testament. Veröffentlichungen zur Kultur und Geschichte des Alten Orients und des Alten Testaments 474): 589–599. Tecklenburg.
Uygun, Ç. 2016. Silifke Müzesi’nden Mitolojik Figürlü Kameolar ve Gemmeler [Cameos and intaglios with mythological images from the Museum of Silifke]. Cedrus, Akdeniz Uygarlıkları Araştırma Dergisi [Cedrus, Journal of research on Mediterranean civilizations] 4: 219–242. Retrieved from <https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/cedrus/ issue/51824/674155> (status as of Jan. 1st, 2025).
Veymiers, R. 2009. Ἵλεως τῷ φοροῦντι. Sérapis sur les gemmes et les bijoux antiques (Publication de la Classe des Lettres, Collection in-4o, 3e série, tome I, no. 2061). Brussels. Retrieved from <https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/21914/1/ Veymiers2009.pdf> (status as of Jan. 1st, 2025).
Villard, L. 1997. Tyche, in L. Kahil et al. (eds) LIMC vol. VIII: 115–125. Zurich/Munich/ Düsseldorf.
Vollenweider, M-L. 1979. Musée d’art et d’histoire de Genève. Catalogue raisonné des sceaux, cylindres, intailles et camées vol. 2: Les portraits, les masques de théâtre, les symboles politiques. Une contribution à l’histoire des civilisations hellénistique et romaine. Mainz.
Walters, H.B. 1926. Catalogue of the Engraved Gems and Cameos, Greek, Etruscan, and Roman in the British Museum. London (revised and enlarged edition).
Weiss, C. 2007. Die antiken Gemmen der Sammlung Heinrich Dressel in der Antikensammlung Berlin. Berlin and Würzburg.
Weiß, C. 2025. Katalog der geschnittenen Steine: die antiken und nachantiken Gemmen und Kameen der Sammlung Helmut Hansmann, Staatliche Antikensammlungen und Glyptothek München. Munich.
Weiß, P. 1992. Neue Tonsiegel von ‘Doliche’. Chiron, Mitteilungen der Kommission für Alte Geschichte und Epigraphik des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts 22: 171–193. DOI: 10.34780/qmx6-0h62.
Weiß, P. 2000. Tonsiegel aus Kommagene (Doliche), in J. Wagner (ed.) Gottkönige am Euphrat. Neue Ausgrabungen und Forschungen in Kommagene (Sonderbände der Antiken Welt; Zaberns Bildbände zur Archäologie 5): 101–103. Mainz am Rhein.
Yılmaz, S., C. Sevinç, and Ş. Kök 2000. Denizli, Baklan, İncikli Köyü, Karacahöyük Mevkii’nde Roma Nekropolü 1998 Yılı Kurtarma Kazısı [Rescue Excavation in the Roman Necropolis in Karacahöyük near İncikli Village in Baklan, Province Denizli in 1998], in K. Olşen, F. Bayram, A. Özme, K. Ataş, Y. Kepenek, H. Dönmez and C. Süvari (eds) 10. Müze Kurtarma Kazıları Semineri, 28-29 Nisan 1999, Kuşadası, T.C. Kültür Bakanlığı, Anıtlar ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlüğü [10th Seminar on Museum Rescue Excavations, April 28–29, 1999, Kuşadası, Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture, General Directorate of Monuments and Museums] (T.C. Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları, Yayın No. 2347, Anıtlar ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları, Yayın No. 70): 201–210. Ankara.
Yinesor Demir, J.S. 2008. Gaziantep Arkeoloji Müzesinde Sergilenen Yüzükler ve Yüzük Taşları [Finger-rings and Ring-stones Exhibited at the Archaeological Museum of Gaziantep]. Master’s thesis, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Eskişehir.
Yost, S.L. 2013. Shared Symbols and Cultural Identity: The Goddess Tyche on Coins from the Roman Province of Syria. Master’s thesis, University of Illinois at Chicago.
Zanker, P. 1988. The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus (Thomas Spencer Jerome Lectures). Ann Arbor.
Zazoff, P. 1969. Antike Gemmen. Eine Auswahl (Kataloge der Staatlichen Kunstsammlungen Kassel 2). Kassel.
Zwierlein-Diehl, E. 1979. Die antiken Gemmen des Kunsthistorischen Museums in Wien, vol. 2: Die Glasgemmen. Die Glaskameen. Munich.
Zwierlein-Diehl, E. 1985. Die Chalcedonstatuette aus der römischen Grabkammer in Köln-Weiden. Jahrbuch der Berliner Museen 27: 15–33.
Zwierlein-Diehl, E. 1988. Die Gemmen und Kameen des Dreikönigenschreines (Studien zum Kölner Dom 5; Die großen Reliquienschreine des Mittelalters vol. 1, Der Dreikönigenschrein im Kölner Dom part 1). Cologne.
Zwierlein-Diehl, E. 1991. Die antiken Gemmen des Kunsthistorischen Museums in Wien, vol. 3: Die Gemmen der späteren römischen Kaiserzeit, part 2: Masken, Masken-Kombinationen, Phantasie- und Märchentiere, Gemmen mit Inschriften, christliche Gemmen, magische Gemmen, sasanidische Siegel, Rundplastik aus Edelstein und verwandtem Material, Kameen, Rundplastik, Gegenstände mit figürlichem Relief und Einlegearbeiten aus Glas, antike Glyptik in Wiederverwendung, nachantike Glyptik, Nachträge und Ergänzungen zu Band I und II. Munich.
