Archaeology and urban planning in Bahrain: integrating heritage into contemporary landscapes

Abstract

Bahrain contains an exceptionally dense archaeological landscape shaped by continuous occupation from prehistory to the Dilmun civilization, the Tylos period, and the Islamic era. Many archaeological remains coexist with expanding urban and infrastructural development, creating an environment in which heritage management and spatial planning must operate in close coordination. This paper examines how archaeological heritage is integrated into development processes in Bahrain and highlights recent advances in protection mechanisms and research approaches. It distinguishes between direct physical impacts on archaeological deposits, indirect environmental effects that influence preservation conditions, and visual or spatial impacts affecting the wider cultural landscape. The paper reviews the existing institutional framework, including permit review procedures and the application of heritage impact assessments for major development initiatives, particularly those affecting World Heritage Sites. A case study of Qal’at al‑Bahrain demonstrates how development proposals have stimulated additional archaeological research, leading to the recognition of important landscape relationships, boundary extensions, and the establishment of a protected visual corridor. These developments reflect a broader shift in heritage management from a monument-focused perspective towards a more comprehensive landscape approach. While certain methodological and data-related challenges remain, the integration of archaeological research, landscape-based analysis, and earlier engagement in planning processes offers significant potential for strengthening heritage protection while supporting sustainable development.