Macedonian lionesses: Herakles and lion jewelry in elite female dress (c. 325–275 BCE)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32028/jga.v2i.585Abstract
Lions, of all animal quarry, rank among the most daunting and dangerous prey for hunters. Heroes and rulers demonstrated their physical strength in lion hunts and depicted them in historical records and images as a way to affirm their authority. Lions and the iconic lion-slayer Herakles, who was important in Macedonia as the ancestor of the royal Argead clan, became especially prominent in Late Classical and Early Hellenistic Macedonian art.
References
Andrianou, D. 2012. Eternal comfort: funerary textiles in Late Classical and Hellenistic Greece, in M. Carroll and J. Wild (eds) Dressing the Dead in Classical Antiquity: 42–62. Stroud: Amberley Publishing.
Andronicos, M. 1984. Vergina: The Royal Tombs and the Ancient City. Athens: Ekdotike Athenon.
Antikas, T. and L.K. Wynn-Antikas 2015. New finds from the cremations in Tomb II at Aegae point to Philip II and a Scythian princess. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 26(4): 682–692.
Archibald, Z.H. 2005. Officers and gentlemen (or gentlewomen): Exploring Macedonian elites in the Classical and Early Hellenistic periods. Antiquitas 28: 13–25.
— 2012. ‘What female heart can gold despise?’ Women and the value of precious metals in ancient Macedonia and neighbouring regions, in K. Konuk (ed.) Stephanèphoros de l’économie antique à l’Asie mineure. Hommage à Raymond Descat: 25–30. Bordeaux: Ausonius Editions.
— 2013. Ancient Economies of the Northern Aegean: Fifth to First Centuries BC. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bartsiokas, A. et al. 2015. The lameness of King Philip II and Royal Tomb I at Vergina, Macedonia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112(32): 9844–9848.
Bessios, M. 1990. Πύδνα. n.p.: Pieriki Anaptuxiaki.
— 2010. Πιερίδων Στέφανος· Πύδνα, Μεθώνη και οι αρχαιότητες της Βορειας Πιερίας. Katerini: Anthropon Physeos Erga.
Bessios, M. and E.B. Tsigarida. 2000. Χρυσά κοσμήματα απὸ το νεκροταφείο του Αιγινίου, κοντα στην αρχαία Πύδνα, in P. Adam-Beleni (ed.) Μύρτος· Μελέτες στη μνήμη της Ιουλίας Βοκοτοπούλου: 179–197. Thessaloniki: Hypourgéio Politismóu.
Billows, R.A. 1995. Kings and Colonists: Aspects of Macedonian Imperialism. Leiden: Brill.
Bonias, Z. 2000. Τάφοι Αμφίπολις, in P. Adam-Beleni (ed.) Μύρτος· Μελέτες στη μνήμη της Ιουλίας Βοκοτοπούλου: 199–217. Thessaloniki: Aristotle University.
Bosworth, A.B. 2002. The Legacy of Alexander: Politics, Warfare, and Propaganda Under the Successors. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Brecoulaki, H. 2006. La peinture funeraire de Macedoine: Emplois et fonctions de la couleur IVe-IIe x. av. J.-C. Meletemata 48. Athens and Paris: Centre de Recherches de l’Antiquité Grecque et Romaine, Fondation Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique and De Boccard.
Briant, P. 1991. Chasses royales macédoniennes et chasses royales perses: le thème de la chasse au lion sur ‘la chasse de Vergina.’ Dialogues d’histoire ancienne 17(1): 211–255.
— 2002. From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
Brosius, M. 2007. New out of old? Court ceremonies in Achaemenid Persia, in A. Spawforth (ed.) The Court and Court Society in Ancient Monarchies: 17–57. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Carney, E.D. 1995. Women and basileia: legitimacy and female political action in Macedonia. Classical Journal 90(4): 367–391.
— 2000. Women and Monarchy in Macedonia. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
— 2002. Hunting and the Macedonian elite: sharing the rivalry of the chase, in D. Ogden (ed.) The Hellenistic World: New Perspectives: 59–80. London and Swansea: Classical Press of Wales.
— 2004. Women and military leadership in Macedonia. Ancient World 35: 184–195.
— 2010a. Putting women in their place. Women in public under Philip II and Alexander III and the last Argeads, in E.D. Carney and D. Ogden (eds) Philip II and Alexander the Great: Father and Son, Lives and Afterlives: 43–52. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
— 2010b. Macedonian women, in J. Roisman and I. Worthington (eds) A Companion to Ancient Macedonia: 409–427. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
— 2012. Oikos-keeping: women and monarchy in the Macedonian tradition, in S. James and S. Dillon (eds) A Companion to Women in the Ancient World: 304–315. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
— 2015. Dynastic loyalty and dynastic collapse in Macedonia, in P. Wheatley and E. Baynham (eds) East and West in the World Empire of Alexander. Essays in Honour of Brian Bosworth: 147–162. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
— 2016. Commemoration of a royal woman as a warrior: the burial in the antechamber of Tomb II at Vergina. Syllecta Classica 27:109–149.
Castor, A.Q. 2008. Grave garb: Archaic and Classical Macedonian funerary costume, in C.S. Colburn and M.K. Heyn (eds) Reading a Dynamic Canvas: Adornment in the Ancient World: 115–146. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
— 2017. Surface tensions on Greek and Etruscan gold jewelry, in In M. Cifarelli and L. Gawlinski (eds) What Shall I Say of Clothes? Theoretical and Methodological Approaches to the Study of Dress in Antiquity: 83–100. Boston: Archaeological Institute of America.
Chrysostomou, A. and P. Chrysostomou. 2000. Το νεκροταφεία του Αρχοντικού Γιαννιτσών. Το Αρχαιολογικὀ Ἐργο στη Μακεδονία και στη Θράκη 14: 473–490.
Chrysostomou, P. and A. Zarogiannis. 2005. Μεσιανό Γιαννιτσών· ένα νέο νεκροταφείο του αρχαίου οικσμού στο Αρχοντικό Πέλλας. Το Αρχαιολογικὀ Ἐργο στη Μακεδονία και στη Θράκη 19: 427–434.
Cifarelli, M. 2014. Personal ornaments at Hasanlu, Iran. Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 23(2): 297–316.
— 2017a Costly choices: signaling theory and dress in Period IVb Hasanlu, Iran, in M. Cifarelli and L. Gawlinski (eds) What Shall I Say of Clothes? Theoretical and Methodological Approaches to the Study of Dress in Antiquity: 101–119. Boston: Archaeological Institute of America.
— 2017b forthcoming. Archaeological evidence for small scale destruction: Hasanlu between destructions, in T. Cunningham and J. Driessen (eds) From Crisis to Collapse: Archaeology and the Breakdown of Social Order. Louvain: Aegis.
Cohen, A. 2010. Art in the Era of Alexander the Great: Paradigms of Manhood and Their Cultural Traditions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Colburn, H. 2014. Art of the Achaemenid empire and art in the Achaemenid empire, in B. Brown and M. Feldman (eds) Critical Approaches to Ancient Near Eastern Art: 773–800. Boston and Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Collins, A. 2012. The royal costume and insignia of Alexander the Great. American Journal of Philology 33(3): 371–402.
Dági, M. 2011. Goldsmith’s craft in Late Classical and Early Hellenistic Macedonia – Derveni, Sedes, Stavroupolis. (Hungarian w/English Resume). Budapest: Eötvös Loránd University.
Deppert-Lippitz, B. 1985. Griechischer Goldschmuck. Mainz: Philipp von Zabern.
Descamps-Lequime, S. (ed.) 2011. Au royaume d’Alexandre le Grand: la macédoine antique. Paris: Musée du Louvre editions.
Despoine, A. 1996. Ελληνική Τέχνη. Αρχαία χρυσά κοσμήμετα. Athens: Ekdotiki Athinon.
Dunn C. and P. Wheatley 2012. Craterus and the dedication date of the Delphi lion monument. Ancient History Bulletin 26: 39–48.
Dusinberre, E. 2013. Empire, Authority, and Autonomy in Achaemenid Anatolia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Evans, S. 2007. Mothers of Heroes, Mothers of Martyrs : World War I and the Politics of Grief. Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press.
Franks, H.M. 2012. Hunters, Heroes, Kings : The Frieze of Tomb II at Vergina. Princeton: American School of Classical Studies at Athens.
Fredericksmeyer, E.A. 1986. Alexander the Great and the Macedonian kausia. Transactions of the American Philological Association 116: 215–227.
Graekos, I. 2011. War and hunting: the world of the Macedonian king and his Companions, in I. Graekos and D. McCarthy (eds) Heracles to Alexander the Great: Treasures from the Royal Capital of Macedon, a Hellenic Kingdom in the Age of Democracy: 75–92. Oxford: Ashmolean Museum.
Grammenos, D. (ed.) 2007. Ο χρuσός των Μακεδόνων. Thessaloniki: Ekdoseis Zitros.
Greenwalt, W.S. 2007. The development of a middle class in Macedonia. Ancient Macedonia VII: 87–96.
— 2015. Thracian and Macedonian kingship. In J. Valeva, E. Nankov, and D.Graninger (eds) A Companion to Ancient Thrace: 337–351. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
Guimier-Sorbets, A.-M. and Y. Morizot. 2006. Construire l’identité du mort: l’architecture funéraire en Macédoine, in A.-M. Guimier-Sorbets and Y. Morizot (eds) Rois, cités, nécropoles: Institutions, rites et monuments en Macédoine. Meletemata 45: 117–129. Athens and Paris: de Boccard.
Hall, J. 2014. Artifact and Artifice. Classical Archaeology and the Ancient Historian. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Hamilton, C.D. 1999. Macedonian migrations and its effects. Ancient Macedonia 6: 471–481.
Harper, P. (ed.) 1992. The Royal City of Susa. Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre. New York: H.N. Abrams.
Hatzopoulos, M. 1994. Cultes et rites de passage en Macédoine. Athens: Centre de recherches de l’antiquité grecque et romaine.
— 2006. De vie à trépas: rites de passage, lamelles dionysiaques et tombes macédoniennes, in A.-M. Guimier-Sorbets and Y. Morizot (eds) Rois, cités, nécropoles: Institutions, rites et monuments en Macédoine. Meletemata 45: 131–141. Athens and Paris: de Boccard.
Higgins, R.A. 1980. Greek and Roman Jewellery. 2nd ed. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Holt, F.L. 2016. The Treasures of Alexander: How One Man’s Wealth Shaped the World. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
Ignatiadou, D. 2007. Οι τάφοι στο αεροδρόμιο Σέδες, in Grammenos (ed.) Ο χρuσός των Μακεδόνων: 139–141.Thessaloniki: Ekdoseis Zitros.
— 2012. The Sindos priestess, in N. Stampolides and M. Giannopoulou (eds) ‘Princesses’ of the Mediterranean at the Dawn of History: 389–411. Athens, Museum of Cycladic Art.
Ignatiadou, D. and B. Tsigarida. 2011. Gold Wreaths and Diadems. Thessaloniki: Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki.
Iliadou, P. 1998. Herakles in Makedonien. Hamburg: Verlag Dr. Kovac.
Jaccottet, A.-F. 2008. Le cratère de Derveni recontextualisé ou comment héroiser une femme, in F. Bertholet, A. Beilman Sánchez, R. Frei-Stolba (eds) Égypte – Grece – Rome. Les différents visages des femmes antiques. ECHO 7: 41–62. Berne: Peter Lang.
Jackson, D. 2010. Lion. London: Reaktion Books.
Jackson, M. 2006. Hellenistic Gold Eros Jewellery. Technique, Style and Chronology (British Archaeopress Reports International Series 1510). Oxford: Archaeopress.
Karamitrou-Mentesidi. 2007. Αιανή 2007· η έρευνα στο Ανατολικό Νεκροταφείο. Το Αρχαιολογικὀ Ἐργο στη Μακεδονία και στη Θράκη 21: 37–46.
Kingsley, B. 1991. Alexander’s ‘kausia’ and Macedonian tradition. Classical Antiquity 10.1: 59–76.
Kottaridi, A. 2001. Το ὲθιμο της καύσης και οι Μακεδόνες. Σκέψεις με αφορμή τα ευρὴματα της νεκρὸπολης των Αιγών, in N. Stampolides (ed.) Καύσεις στην Εποχή του Χαλκού και την Πρώιμη Εποχή του Σιδήερου: 359–371. Athen:, Panepistimiou Kretes.
— 2004. The lady of Aigai, in D. Pandermalis (ed.) Alexander the Great: Treasures from an Epic Era of Hellenism: 138–147. New York: Alexander S. Onassis Public Benefit Foundation.
— 2011a. Macedonian Treasures. A Tour Through the Museum of the Royal Tombs at Aigai. Athens: Kapon Editions.
— 2011b. Queens, princesses and high priestesses: the role of women at the Macedonian court, in I. Graekos and D. McCarthy (eds) Heracles to Alexander the Great: Treasures from the Royal Capital of Macedon, a Hellenic Kingdom in the Age of Democracy: 93–125. Oxford: Ashmolean Museum.
— 2012. The lady of Aigai, in N. Stampolides and M. Giannopoulou (eds) ‘Princesses’ of the Mediterranean at the Dawn of History: 412–433. Athens, Museum of Cycladic Art.
Kotzias, N. 1937. Ο παρά το αεροδρόμιον της Θεσσαλονίκης (Σέδες) Γ΄τάφος. Αρχαιολογίκη Εφημερίς 1937 Γ: 876–895.
Kuhlman, E.A. 2012. Of Little Comfort: War Widows, Fallen Soldiers, and the Remaking of Nation after the Great War. New York: New York University Press.
Kyriakou, A. 2014. Exceptional burials at the Sanctuary of Eukleia at (Aegae) Vergina: the gold oak wreath. Annual of the British School at Athens 108: 251–285.
Lazaridis, D. 1960. Ανασκαφαὶ καὶ ἔρευναι Αμφιπόλεως. Πρακτικὰ της εν Αθηναὶς Αρχαιολογικῆς Εταιρείας 1960 [1966]: 67–73.
Le Bohec-Bouhet, S. 2006. Réflexions sur la place de la femme dans la Macédoine antique, in A.-M. Guimier-Sorbets, M.B. Hatzopoulos, and Y. Morizot (eds) Rois cités, nécropoles: institutions, rites et monuments en Macédoine: 187–198. Athens: de Boccard.
Lilimpaki-Akamati, M. 2004. Women in Macedonia, in D. Pandermalis (ed.) Alexander the Great. Treasures from an Epic Era of Hellenism: 89–113. New York: Alexander S. Onassis Public Benefit Foundation.
— 2011. The Archaeological Museum of Pella. Athens: J.S. Latsis.
Llewellyn-Jones, L. 2013. King and Court in Ancient Persia 559 to 331 BCE. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press.
Makaronas, G. 1940. Τσάγεζι Αμφιπόλεως. Μακεδονικά 1: 495–496.
Mansel, P. 2005. Dressed to Rule : Royal and Court Costume from Louis XIV to Elizabeth II. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Marcus, M.I. 1993, incorporating the body: adornment, gender, and social identity in ancient Iran. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 3(2): 157–178.
— 1994. Dressed to kill: women and pins in early Iran. Oxford Art Journal 17(2): 3–15.
Miller, M.C. 1997. Athens and Persia in the Fifth Century B.C. : A Study in Cultural Receptivity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Miller, S.G. 1993. Review of Untersuchungen zur Chronologie früh- und hochhellenistischen Goldschmucks by Michael Pfrommer. American Journal of Archaeology 97(3): 580–581.
Mirón Pérez, M.D. 2000. Transmitters and representatives of power: royal women in ancient Macedonia. Ancient Society 30: 35–52.
Moyer, I.S. 2006. Golden fetters and economies of cultural exchange. Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions 6(1): 225–256.
Müller, S. 2014. Alexander, Makedonien und Persien (Frankfurter kulturwissenschaftliche Beiträge Bd. 18). Berlin: trafo Wissenschaftsverlag.
Nicholson, V. 2008. Singled Out : How Two Million British Women Survived Without Men After the First World War. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Nicgorski, A.M. 2005. The magic knot of Herakles, the propaganda of Alexander the Great, and Tomb II at Vergina, in L. Rawlings and H. Bowden (eds) Herakles and Hercules: Exploring a Graeco-Roman Divinity: 97–128. Swansea: Classical Press of Wales.
Palagia, Olga. 2000. Hephaestion’s pyre and the royal hunt of Alexander, in A.B. Bosworth and E.J. Baynham (eds) Alexander the Great in Fact and Fiction: 167–208. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Paschidis, P. 2006. The interpenetration of civic elites and court elite in Macedonia, in A.-M. Guimier-Sorbets, M.B. Hatzopoulos, and Y. Morizot (eds) Rois, cités, nécropoles: institutions, rites et monuments en Macédoine: 251-267. Athens: de Boccard.
Paspalas, S.A. 2000. The taurophonos leon and Craterus’ monument at Delphi, in G.R. Tsetskhladze, A.J. Prag and A.M. Snodgrass (eds) Periplous: Papers on Classical Art and Archaeology Presented to Sir John Boardman: 211–219. London: Thames & Hudson.
Peristeri, K., I. Zografou and T. Salonikios. 2006. Δόμηερος-Μυρίνη 2006. Ανασκαφική έρευνα σε δύο νέος θέσεις του νομού Σερρὼν. Το Αρχαιολογικὀ Ἐργο στη Μακεδονία και στη Θράκη 20: 229–240.
Pfrommer, M. 1990. Untersuchungen zur Chronologie früh- und hochhellenistischen Goldschmucks. Tübingen: Ernst Wasmuth Verlag.
Prestianni-Giallombardo, A.M. 1986. Il diadema di Vergina e l’iconografia di Filippo II. Ancient Macedonia 4: 497–506.
— 1990. Kausia diadematophoros in Macedonia: Testimonianze misconosciute e nuove proposte. Messana n.s. 1: 107–26.
Rhomiopoulou, K. 1989. Κλειστά ταφικά σύνολα υστεροκλασσικών χρόνων από τη Θεσσαλονιίκη, in Φίλια Έπη εις Γ. Μυλωνον: 194–218. Athens.
Rudolph, W. 1995. A Golden Legacy: Ancient Jewelry from the Burton Y. Berry Collection at the Indiana University Art Museum. Bloomington (IN): Indiana University Press.
Saatsoglou-Paliadeli, C. 1993a. Aspects of Macedonian costume. Journal of Hellenic Studies 113: 122–147.
— 1993b. Τὸ ἀνάθημα τοῦ Κρατεροῦ στούς Δελφούς. Μεθοδολογικὰ προβλήματα ἀναπαράτασης. Ancient Macedonia V: 81–99.
— 2000. Queenly appearances at Vergina-Aegae. Old and new epigraphic and literary evidence. Archäologischer Anzeiger: 387–403.
— 2004. Βεργίνα. Ο τάφος του Φιλίππου. Η τοιχογραφία με το κυνήγι. Athens: Archaeological Society at Athens.
Sancisi-Weerdenberg, H. 1984. Gifts in the Persian Empire, in P. Briant and C. Herrenschmidt (eds) Le Tribut dans L’empire Perse: 129–146. Paris: Peeters.
Saripanidi, V. 2016. Too young to fight (or drink): A warrior krater in a child’s burial at ancient Sindos, in T. Carpenter and E. Langridge-Noti (eds) The Consumer’s Choice: Uses of Greek Figure-Decorated Pottery: 83–103. Boston: Archaeological Institute of America.
Sawada, N. 2010. Social customs and institutions: aspects of Macedonian elite society, in J. Roisman and I. Worthington (eds) A Companion to Ancient Macedonia: 392–408. Oxford: Blackwell.
Seyer, M. 2007. Der Herrscher als Jäger. Untersuchungen zur königlichen Jagd im persischen und makedonischen Reich vom 6.-4. Jahrhundert v. Chr. sowie unter den Diadochen Alexanders des Großen. Vienna: Phoibos Verlag.
Sismanidis, K. 1997. Κλίνες και κλινοειδείς κατασκευές των Μακεδονικών τάφων. Athens: Tameiou Archaiologikon Poron kai Apallotriosesion.
Spawforth, A. 2007a. ‘Introduction’, in A. Spawforth (ed) The Court and Court Society in Ancient Monarchies: 1–16. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
— 2007b. The court of Alexander the Great between Europe and Asia, in A. Spawforth (ed.) The Court and Court Society in Ancient Monarchies: 82–120. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Themelis, P.G. and I. Touratsoglou. 1997. Οι τάφοι του Δερβένιου. Athens: Upergeio Politismou.
Touratsoglou, I. 1998. Dated gold: the evidence from Hellenistic Macedonia, in D. Williams (ed.) The Art of the Greek Goldsmith: 30–38. London: British Museum Press.
Trakosopoulou, E. 2004. Jewellery in Macedonia, in D. Pandermalis (ed.) Alexander the Great: Treasures from an Epic Era of Hellenism: 115–138. New York: Alexander S. Onassis Public Benefit Foundation.
Treasures of Ancient Macedonia. 1979. Catalog of the exhibition. Thessaloniki: Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki.
Tsakalou-Tzanabari, K. 1989. Ανακαφική έρευνα στο νεκροταφείο της αρχαίας Λητής. Το Αρχαιολογικὀ Ἐργο στη Μακεδονία και στη Θράκη 3: 307–318.
Tsigarida, E.B. 1993. Observations on metal wreaths from Macedonia. Ancient Macedonia. Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium 3: 1631–1643.
— 2001–2002. ‘Fourth century male diadems from Macedonia.’ RA 33: 181–84.
— 2006a. Couronnes, diadèmes, colliers et boucles d’oréilles de Macédoine Centrale à l’époque de Philippe et d’Alexandre le Grand, in G. Nicolini (ed.) Les Ors des mondes grec et ‘barbares’: 139–151. Paris: Picard.
— 2006b. Gold diadems from the cemetery of ancient Pydna, in G. Nicolini (ed.) Les Ors des mondes grec et ‘barbares’: 153–163. Paris: Picard.
— 2009. Τύποι χρυσών ενωτίων της όψιμης κλασσικής και της ελληνιστικής εποχής από τη βόρεια Πιερία, in S. Drougou (ed.) ΚΕΡΜΑΤΙΑ ΦΙΛΙΑΣ. Τιμητικός τόμος για τον Ιωάννη Τουράτσογλου: 547–559. Athens: Upergeio Politismou.
— 2010. A new gold myrtle wreath from Central Macedonia in the collection of the Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki. Annual of the British School at Athens 105: 305–315.
— 2012. Late Classical and Early Hellenistic jewellery from Central Macedonia, in M.Tiverios, P. Nigdelis, P. Adam-Veleni (eds) Θρεπτήρια, Μελέτες για την αρχαία Μακεδονία: 332–351. Thessaloniki: Aristotle University of Thessaloniki.
Tsigarida, E. and D. Ignatiadou. 2000. The Gold of Macedon. Thessaloniki: Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki.
Tsimbidou-Avloniti, M. 1993. Ταφικός τὐμβος στον Άγ. Αθανάσιο Θεσσαλονίκης: ολοκλήρωση της έρεθνας. Το Αρχαιολογικὀ Ἐργο στη Μακεδονία και στη Θράκη 7: 251–264.
— 2005. Μακεδονικοί τάφοι στον Φοίνικα και στον Άγιο Αθανάσιο Θεσσαλονίκης. Athens: Tameiou Archaiologikon Poron kai Apallotriosesion.
— 2011. Άγιος Αθανάσιος, Μακεδονικός τάφος ΙΙΙ. Ο οπλισμός του ευγενούς νεκρού, in S. Pingiatoglou and Th. Stephanidou-Tiveriou (eds) Νάματα. Τιμητικός τόμος για τον καθηγητή Δημήτριο Παντερμαλἠ: 351–363. Thessaloniki: University Studio Press.
Tzanabari, K. 1997. Xρυσό διάδημα από τη Λητή, in Μνήμη Μανόλη Ανδρόνικου, 1349–1362. Thessaloniki: Etaireia Makedonikon Spoudon.
Tzifopoulos, Y. 2012. From the corpus of inscriptions of Northern Pieria: Afterlife beliefs in Macedonia and the Bacchic-Orphic lamellae, in M. Tiverios, P. Nigdelis, P. Adam-Veleni (eds) Θρεπτήρια, Μελέτες για την αρχαία Μακεδονία: 541–559. Thessaloniki: Aristotle University.
Vokotopoulou, I. 1990. Οι ταφικοί τύμβοι της Αίνειας. Athens: Tameiou Archaiologikon Poron kai Apallotriosesion.
von Mangoldt, H. 2012. Makedonische Grabarchitektur: Die Makedonischen Kammergräber und ihre Vorläufer. Tübingen: Wasmuth.
Williams, D. and J. Ogden. 1994. Greek Gold: Jewelry of the Classical World. New York: Harry N. Abrams.
Winterling, A. 1997. Hof. Versuch einer idealtypischen Bestimmung anhand der mittelalterlichen und frühneuzeitlichen Geschichte, in A. Winterling (ed.) Zwischen ‘Haus’ und ‘Stadt.’ Antike Höfe im Vergleich: 11–26. Rome: R. Oldenburg.
Zimi, E. 2011. Late Classical and Hellenistic Silver Plate from Macedonia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.