Making tools, Reconstructing Manufacturing Processes: The Celt Industry of Varemeni Goulon in Northern Greece
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32028/jga.v3i.522Abstract
Of all macrolithic types known from Neolithic Greece, cutting edge tools, or celts as they are widely known, have attracted most archaeological attention. This emphasis is certainly not explained by math. Celts have been studied more intensely, even though their numbers rarely exceed those of other macrolithic types (e.g. grinding tools). Other less straightforward factors are probably responsible - the disciplinary traditions in which we scholars operate and our aesthetic priorities, for example.
References
Alisøy, H.A. 2002. Consumption of ground stone tools at Stavroupoli, in: D. Grammenos and S. Kotsos (eds) Σωστικές Ανασκαφές στο νεολιθικό οικισμό Σταυρούπολης Θεσσαλονίκης: 561–608. Thessaloniki: Society for Macedonian Studies.
Antonović, D. 2003. Neolithic Ground Stone Industry in Serbia. Belgrade: Archaeological Institute. (in Serbian with English summary)
Antonović, D. 2014. Manufacturing of stone axes and adzes in Vinča Culture, in: S. Vitezović and D. Antonović (eds) Archaeotechnology: Studying Technology from Prehistory to the Middle Ages: 77–89. Belgrade: Serbian Archaeological Society.
Becker, C.J. 1945. New finds of hafted Neolithic celts. Acta Archaeologica 16: 155–175.
Bekiaris, T. 2018. Ground Stone Technologies in the Neolithic of Northern Greece: The Case of Neolithic Avgi, Kastoria. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. (in Greek)
Bekiaris, T., C. Stergiou and S. Theodoridou 2018. Making choices in a Neolithic landscape: Raw materials and ground stone technology in Neolithic Avgi, NW Greece, in: A. Sarris, E. Kalogiropoulou, T. Kalayci and L. Karimali (eds) Communities, Landscapes, and Interaction in Neolithic Greece: 415–433. Ann Arbor: International Monographs in Prehistory.
Best, E. 1974[1912]. Stone Implements of the Maori. Wellington, New Zealand: A.R. Shearer, Government Printer.
Boleti, A. Forthcoming. Les lames en pierre polie (haches, herminettes, ciseaux) du site Néolithique de Kallamas (Prespa): Approche technologique, in: Actes de 6e Colloque International sur l’Illyrie méridionale et l’Épire dans l’Antiquité, May 20–23, 2015, Tirana, Albania.
Bradley, R. and M. Edmonds 1993. Interpreting the Axe Trade: Production and Exchange in Neolithic Britain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Chadou, M. 2011. Ground Stone Tools from Iliotopos in Eastern Langadas. Unpublished M.A. dissertation, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. (in Greek)
Chapman, J. 2000. Fragmentation in Archaeology: People, Places, and Broken Objects in the Prehistory of South–Eastern Europe. London: Routledge.
Chapman, J. and B. Gaydarska 2007. Parts and Wholes: Fragmentation in Prehistoric Context. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
Chondrogianni–Metoki, A. 1993. Notes on fieldwork in the Aliakmon River Valley. Αρχαιολογικό Έργο στη Μακεδονία και Θράκη 4: 105–119. (in Greek)
Chondrogianni–Metoki, A. 2004. Aliakmon 2000–2002: Rescue excavations in two settlements of the Early and Middle Neolithic Period. Αρχαιολογικό Έργο στη Μακεδονία και Θράκη 16: 557–570. (in Greek).
Chondrogianni–Metoki, A. 2009. Aliakmon 1985–2005. Archaeological research in the area of the artificial Lake of Polyfytos (the valley around the middle of the Aliakmon River), results and Prospects. Archaeological Work in Macedonia and Thrace 20 (anniversary volume): 449–461. (in Greek)
Chondrogianni–Metoki, A. 2014. Architectural forms of prehistory in the valley along the middle reaches of the Aliakmon River, in: E. Stefani, N. Merousis and A. Dimoula (eds) A Century of Research in Prehistoric Macedonia: 1912–2012, International Conference Proceedings Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki 22–24 November 2012: 337–348. Thessaloniki: Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki.
Chondrou, D. 2010. Ground Stone Tools from the Neolithic Site of Toumba Kremasti Kilada. Unpublished M.A. dissertation, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. (in Greek)
Chondrou, D. 2018. The Ground Stone Industry from the Prehistoric Settlements of Kleitos I and Kleitos II in the Kitrini Limni Basin of Kozani. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. (in Greek)
Christopoulou, A. 1992. Use wear on polished stone tools from Sesklo A, in: Διεθνές Συνέδριο για την Αρχαία Θεσσαλία στη μνήμη του Δημήτρη Θεοχάρη: 64–70. Athens: Greek Ministry of Culture. (in Greek)
Christopoulou, A. 2000. Polished stone tools from Theopetra Cave, in: N. Kyparissi-Apostolika (ed.) Theopetra Cave: Twelve Years of Excavation and Research 1987–1998: 293–305. Athens: Institute for Aegean Prehistory. (in Greek)
Chrysostomou, P., T. Jagoulis and A. Maeder 2015. The ‘culture of four lakes:’ Prehistoric lakeside settlements (6th-2nd mill. BC) in the Amindeon Basin, western Macedonia, Greece. Archäologie Schweiz 38: 24–32.
Davis, V. and M. Edmonds 2011. A time and place for the Belmont Hoard, in: V. Davis and M. Edmonds (eds) Stone Axe Studies III: 167–186. Oxford and Oakville: Oxbow Books.
Dimić, V. 2015. Traseological markers on ground stone cutting-implements from Lađarište site near Vrnjačka Banja. Lasni Journal of the Serbian Archaeological Society 31: 39–74.
Dixon, J. 2003. Lithic petrology, in: E.S. Elster and C. Renfrew (eds) Prehistoric Sitagroi: Excavations in Northeast Greece, 1968–1970, vol. 2: The Final Report: 133–146. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at UCLA.
Edmonds, M. 1995. Stone Tools and Society: Working Stone in Neolithic and Bronze Age Britain. London: Routledge.
Efstratiou, N. and M. Ntinou 2004. A stone axe workshop in Neolithic Makri. Αρχαιολογικό Έργο στη Μακεδονία και Θράκη 16: 1–7. (in Greek)
Elster, E.S. 2003. Grindstones, polished edge-tools, and other stone artifacts, in: E.S. Elster and C. Renfrew (eds) Prehistoric Sitagroi: Excavations in Northeast Greece, 1968–1970, vol. 2: The Final Report: 175–195. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at UCLA.
Erdogu, B. 2000. The problems of dating prehistoric axe factories and Neolithisation in Turkish Thrace. Documenta Praehistorica 27: 155–166.
Farrugia, J.-P. 1992. Les outils et les armes en pierre dans le rituel funéraire Néolithique Danubien. British Archaeological Reports 581. Oxford: Archaeopress.
Godelier, M. and J. Garanger 1973. Outils de pierre, outils d’acier chez les Baruya de Nouvelle-Guinée. L’Homme 13: 185–220.
Hampton, O.W. ‘Bud’ 1999. Culture of Stone: Sacred and Profane Uses of Stone among the Dani. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press.
Heider, K.G. 1967. Archaeological assumptions and ethnographical facts: A cautionary tale from New Guinea. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 23: 52–64.
Kelterborn, P. 1991. Towards replicating Neolithic stone sawing, in: Archéologie expérimental, Tome 2 – La Terre: l’os et la pierre, la maison et les champs. Proceedings of the International Colloquium ‘Expérimentation en archéologie: Bilan et perspectives,’ held at the Archéodrome de Beaune, April 6–9, 1988: 129–137. Paris: Errance.
Kinsella, L. 1999. Personal notes on celt use, in: D. Wescott (ed.) Primitive Technology: A Book of Earth Skills: 99–103. Salt Lake City: Gibs Smith Publisher.
Klimscha, F. 2011. Flint axes, ground stone axes and ‘battle axes’ of the Copper Age in the Eastern Balkans (Romania, Bulgaria), in: V. Davis and M. Edmonds (eds) Stone Axe Studies III: 361–382. Oxford and Oakville: Oxbow Books.
Larsson, L. 2011. The ritual use of axes, in: V. Davis and M. Edmonds (eds) Stone Axe Studies III: 203–214. Oxford and Oakville: Oxbow Books.
Lera, P., G. Touchais and C. Oberweiler 2012–2013. Bassin de Korçë, Kallamas. Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique 136–137: 687–722.
Le Roux, C.-T. 1999. L’outillage de pierre polie en métadolérite du type A: Les ateliers de Plussulien (Côtes d’Armor): Production et diffusion au Néolithique dans la France de l’ouest et au-delà. Travaux du Laboratoire d’Anthropologie de Rennes 43. Rennes: Université de Rennes I.
Lewis, R., M. Rahim, J. Cripps, V. Roubos and C. Tsoraki 2009. Wear of stone used to manufacture axes in the Neolithic settlement at Makriyalos in Northern Greece. Wear 267: 1325–1332.
Lewis, R., C. Tsoraki, J. Broughton, J. Cripps, S.A. Afodun, T. Slatter and V. Roubos 2011. Abrasive and impact wear of stone used to manufacture axes in Neolithic Greece. Wear 271: 2549–2560.
Mackie, Q. 1995. The Taxonomy of Ground Stone Woodworking Tools (British Archaeological Reports 613). Oxford: Tempus Reparatum.
Malinowski, B. 1934. Stone implements in eastern New Guinea, in: E.E. Evans-Pritchard, R. Firth, B. Malinowski and I. Schapera (eds) Essays Presented to C.G. Seligman: 189–196. London: Kegan Paul, Trench Trubner and Co.
Malinowski, B. 1961. Argonauts of the Western Pacific: An Account of Native Enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea. New York: Dutton.
Matzanas, C. 1999. Experimental archaeology: Drilling of ground stone tools. Αρχαιολογία και Τέχνες 70: 59–66. (in Greek)
Mould, C.A., C. Ridley and K.A. Wardle 2000. The stone small finds, in: C. Ridley, K.A. Wardle and C.A. Mould (eds) Servia I: Anglo-Hellenic Rescue Excavations: 112–161. London: British School at Athens Supplement no 32.
Moundrea-Agrafioti, A. 1981. La Thessalie du Sud-Est au Néolithique: Outillage lithique et osseux. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Paris X.
Moundrea-Agrafioti, A. 1992. Ground stone tools, in: L. Marangou (ed.) Μινωϊκός και Ελληνικός πολιτισμός από την συλλογή Μητσοτάκη: 174–180. Athens: Nicholas P. Goulandris Foundation. (in Greek)
Moundrea-Agrafioti, A. and C. Gnardellis 1994. Classification des outils tranchants thessaliens en pierre polie par les méthodes multidimensionnelles, in: La Thessalie: Quinze années de recherches archéologiques, 1975–1990. Bilans et perspectives I: 189–200. Athens: Ministry of Culture, Editions Kapon.
Müller-Beck, H. 1965. Seeberg Burgäschisee-Süd V: Holzgeräte und Holzbearbeitung. Bern: Verlag Stämpfli & Cie.
Ninou, I. Forthcoming. The Ground Stone Industry of the Early Neolithic in Western Macedonia. PhD dissertation, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. (in Greek)
Özbek, O. 2000. A prehistoric stone axe production site in Turkish Thrace: Hamaylitarla. Documenta Praehistorica 27: 167–171.
Özbek, O. 2009. The prehistoric ground stone implements from Yartarla: The preliminary results of a geoarchaeological study in Tekirdag region (Eastern Thrace), in: Y. Maniatis (ed.) Asmosia VII: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference of Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Antiquity, Thassos, September 15–20, 2003: 645–656. Athens: École française d’Athènes.
Özbek, O. 2011. Primary and secondary raw material preference in the Neolithic societies in Northwest Turkey in the production of polished stone tools, in: V. Davis and M. Edmonds (eds) Stone Axe Studies III: 217–228. Oxford and Oakville: Oxbow Books.
Pailler Y. 2005. Le sciage de la fibrolite en Armorique: Approche technique, implications culturelles et symboliques, in: G. Marchand and A. Tresset (eds) Unité et diversité des processus de néolithisation sur la façade atlantique de l’Europe (6e-4e millénaires av. J.-C.): 225–243. Mémoire de la Société préhistorique française, vol. 36.
Palomo, A., P. Raquel, X. Terradas, O. Lopez, I. Clemente and J.F. Gibaja 2013. Woodworking technology in the Early Neolithic site of La Draga (Banyoles, Spain), in: P.C. Anderson, C. Cheval and A. Durand (eds) Regards croisés sur les outils liés au travail des végétaux: 383–396. Antibes: Éditions APDCA.
Patton, M.A. 1991. Axes, men, and women: Symbolic dimensions of Neolithic exchange in Armorica (North-West France), in: P. Garwood, D. Jennings, R. Skeates and J. Toms (eds) Sacred and Profane: Proceedings of a Conference on Archaeology, Ritual and Religion, Oxford, 1989: 65–79. Oxford: Oxford University Committee for Archaeology.
Pétrequin, A.-M. and P. Pétrequin. 2006. Objets de pouvoir en Nouvelle-Guinée: Approche ethnoarchéologique d’un systéme de signes sociaux. Paris: Éditions de la Réunion des Musées Nationaux.
Pétrequin, P. and A.-M. Pétrequin 1988. Le Néolithique des lacs: Préhistoire des lacs de Chalain et de Clairvaux (4000-2000 av. J.C.). Paris: Errance.
Pétrequin, P. and A.-M. Pétrequin 1993. Écologie d’un outil: la hache de pierre en Irian Jaya (Indonésie). Paris: CNRS.
Pétrequin P., S. Cassen, C. Croutsch and M. Errera 2002. La valorisation sociale des longues haches dans l’Europe néolithique, in: J. Guilaine (ed.) Matériaux, productions, circulations du Néolithique à l’Âge du Bronze: 67–98. Paris: Errance.
Pétrequin, P., A.-M. Pétrequin, M. Errera, S. Cassen and C. Croutch 2006. Complexité technique et valorisation sociale: Haches polies de Nouvelle-Guinée et du Néolithique alpin: in L. Astruc, F. Bon, V. Léa, P.Y. Milcent and S. Philibert (eds) Normes Techniques et Pratiques Sociales: De la Simplicité des Outillages Pré- et Protohistoriques, Actes des XXIXe Rencontres internationales d’archéologie et d’histoire d’Antibes: 419–433. Antibes: Editions APDCA.
Pétrequin, P., A.-M. Pétrequin, M. Errera, S. Cassen, C. Croutch, A. Dufraisse, E. Gauthier and M. Rossy 2007. Les carrières néolithiques du Mont Viso (Piémont, Italie): Chronologie et conditions d’exploitation. Bulletin d’études préhistoriques et archéologiques alpines 2007: 167–188.
Pétrequin, P., A.-M. Pétrequin, M. Errera, O. Jaime Riveron, M. Bailly, E. Gauthier and G. Rossi 2008. Premiers épisodes de la fabrication des longues haches alpines: Ramassage de galets ou choc thermique sur des blocs? Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française 105(2): 309–334.
Pétrequin, P., C. Bontemps, D. Buthod-Ruffier and N. Le Maux 2012. Approche expérimentale de la production des haches alpines: in: P. Pétrequin, S. Cassen, M. Errera, L. Klassen, A. Sheridan and A.-M. Pétrequin (eds) Jade: Grandes haches alpines du Néolithique européen. Ve et IVe millénaires av. J.-C.: 258–291. Besançon: Presses Universitaires de Franche-Comté et Centre de Recherche Archéologique de la Vallée de l’Ain.
Prinz, B. 1988. The ground stone industry from Divostin, in: A. McPherron and D. Srejović (eds) Divostin and the Neolithic of Central Serbia: 255–299. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh.
Risch, R. and F. Martínez Fernández 2008. Dimensiones naturales y sociales de la producción de hachas de piedra en el Noreste de la Península Ibérica. Trabajos De Prehistoria 65(1): 47–71.
Rudebeck, E. 1998. Flint extraction, axe offering and the value of cortex, in: M. Edmonds and C. Richards (eds) Understanding the Neolithic of Northwestern Europe: 312–327. Glasgow: Cruithne Press.
Sheridan, A., Y. Pailler, P. Pétrequin and M. Errera 2011. Old friends, new friends, a long-lost friend and false friends: Tales from Projet JADE, in: V. Davis and M. Edmonds (eds) Stone Axe Studies III: 411–426. Oxford and Oakville: Oxbow Books.
Sillitoe, P. 1988. Made in Niugini: Technology in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea. London: British Museum Publications.
Squitieri, A. and D. Eitam 2016. An experimental approach to ground stone tool manufacture. Journal of Lithic Studies 3(3): 553–564.
Steensberg, A. 1980. New Guinea Gardens: A Study of Husbandry with Parallels in Prehistoric Europe. London: Academic Press.
Strasser, T. 2004. Three axe groups from Neolithic Knossos, in: G. Cadogan, E. Hatzaki and A. Vasilakis (eds) Knossos: Palace, City, State: 61–65. London: British School at Athens.
Strasser, T. 2008. Stones of contention: Regional axe production and hidden landscapes on Neolithic Crete, in: V. Isaakidou and P.D. Tomkins (eds) Escaping the Labyrinth: The Cretan Neolithic in Context: 155–164. Oxford: Oxbow Books
Strathern, M. 1970. Stone axes and flake tools: Evaluations from two New Guinea Highlands Societies. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 35: 311–329.
Stratouli, G. 2002. Ground stone, bone, and antler tools, in: G. Chourmouziadis (ed.) Δισπηλιό 7500 χρόνια μετά: 155–174. Thessaloniki: University Studio Press. (in Greek)
Stroulia, A. 2003. Ground stone celts from Franchthi Cave: A close look. Hesperia 72: 1–30.
Stroulia, A. 2005a. Ground stone tools from Kitrini Limni, Kozani: First approach, first questions. Αρχαιολογικό Έργο στη Μακεδονία και Θράκη 17: 571–580. (in Greek)
Stroulia, A. 2005b. Making celts, un-making celt workshops at Neolithic Makri, Greece. Paper delivered at the 70th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Stroulia, A. 2010. Flexible Stones: Ground Stone Tools from Franchthi Cave. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
Stroulia, A. 2014. Ground stone edge tools from Kremasti-Kilada, Kozani: Biographical notes. Το Αρχαιολογικό Έργο στη Μακεδονία και στη Θράκη 24: 63–71. (in Greek)
Stroulia, A. 2018. Macrolithics: Ordinary things in an extraordinary place, in A. Papathanasiou, W.A. Parkinson, D.J. Pullen, M.L. Galaty and P. Karkanas (eds) Neolithic Alepotrypa Cave, in the Mani, Greece: In Honor of George Papathanassopoulos: 200–241. Oxford and Philadelphia: Oxbow Books.
Stroulia, A. forthcoming. The macrolithic assemblage, in: A. Alram-Stern, K. Gallis, G. Toufexis, G. and A. Pentedeka (eds) Platia Magoula Zarkou: Volume 1: The Neolithic Period: Environment, Stratigraphy and Architecture, Small Finds. Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences.
Stroulia, A. and D. Chondrou 2013. Destroying the means of production: The case of ground stone tools from Kremasti-Kilada, Greece, in: J. Driessen (ed.) Destruction: Archaeological, Philological and Historical Perspectives: 109–131. Louvain: Presses universitaires de Louvain.
Sugaya, C. 1992. The function of the Neolithic stone axe, in: Διεθνές Συνέδριο για την Αρχαία Θεσσαλία στη μνήμη του Δημήτρη Θεοχάρη: 71–77. Athens: Greek Ministry of Culture.
Sugaya, C. 1993. The stone axes of Tharrounia, in: A. Sampson (ed.) Σκοτεινή Θαρρουνίων. Το σπήλαιο, ο οικισμός και το νεκροταφείο: 442–447. Athens: privately published.
Tringham, R. 2013. Destruction of places by fire: Domicide or domithanasia, in: J. Driessen (ed.) Destruction: Archaeological, Philological and Historical Perspectives: 89–108. Louvain: Presses universitaires de Louvain.
Tsoraki, C. 2008. Neolithic Society in Northern Greece: The Evidence of Ground Stone Artefacts. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Sheffield.
Tsoraki, C. 2011a. Stone-working traditions in the prehistoric Aegean, in: V. Davis and M. Edmonds (eds) Stone Axe Studies III: 231–244. Oxford and Oakville: Oxbow Books.
Tsoraki, C. 2011b. Disentangling neolithic networks: Ground stone technology, material engagements and networks of action, in: A. Brysbaert (ed.) Tracing Prehistoric Social Networks through Technology: A Diachronic Perspective on the Aegean: 12–29. New York and London: Routledge.
Tsoraki, C. 2011c. ‘Shiny and colourful:’ Raw material selection and the production of edge tools in Late Neolithic Makriyalos, Greece, in: A. Savill (ed.) Flint and Stone in the Neolithic Period: 287–303. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
Tsountas, C. 1908. The Prehistoric Acropoleis of Sesklo and Dimini. Athens: Sakellariou. (in Greek)
Turek, J. 2011. Stone axes in the Bohemian Eneolithic: Changing forms, context and social significance, in: V. Davis and M. Edmonds (eds) Stone Axe Studies III: 385–398. Oxford and Oakville: Oxbow Books.
Urem-Kotsou, D., A. Dimoula, G. Elezi, T. Papadakou, A. Papaioannou, N. Saridaki, I. Siamidou, T. Silva, E. Tzemopoulou and K. Kotsakis 2018. Patterns in contemporaneous ceramic traditions: Inter-regional relations between Thessaly and Macedonia during the Early and Middle Neolithic, in: A. Sarris, E. Kalogiropoulou, T. Kalayici and E. Karimali (eds) Communities, Landscapes and Interaction in Neolithic Greece: 324–338. Ann Arbor: International Monographs in Prehistory.
Vial, L.G. 1940–1941. Stone axes of Mount Hagen, New Guinea. Oceania 11: 157–163.
Voytek, B. 1990. The use of stone resources, in: R. Tringham and D. Krstić (eds) Selevac: A Neolithic Village in Yugoslavia: 437–484. Los Angeles: Institute of Archaeology, University of California.
Wardle, A.K. and V. Vlachodimitropoulou 2000. Excavation in Servia Kozanis 1971–73: Results. Αρχαιολογικό Έργο στη Μακεδονία και Θράκη 12: 543–556. (in Greek)
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
