The context and nature of the evidence for metalworking from mid 4th millennium Yali (Nissyros)

Authors

  • V. Maxwell
  • R. M. Ellam
  • N. Skarpelis
  • A. Sampson

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32028/jga.v4i.473

Abstract

In the wider Aegean, it is now recognised that the very end of the Neolithic is a key period in the evolution of communities and in the roots of changes observed in the succeeding Early Bronze Age. One important aspect of this change was involvement in metallurgy. Establishing the nature of early metallurgy could enrich our understanding of the processes of change at work at this time.

References

Adriens, A., Earl, R., Özbal H. and K. A. Yener. 2000. Tin Bronze Metallurgy in Transformation: Analytical Investigation of Crucible Fragments from Tell Al-Judaidah, Amuq (Turkey) dating to c.3, 000–2,900 BC, in K. T. Biro, and E. Jerem, E. (eds) Proceedings of the 31st International Symposium on Archaeometry (British Archaeological Reports 1034; Central European Series 1): 1–6. Oxford: Archaeopress.

Adrymi-Sismani, V. 2007. Le site chalcolithique de Microthèbes au Carrefour du monde Égéén et des Balkans du Nord, in I. Galanaki, H. Tomas, Y. Galanakis R. Laffineur (eds) Between the Aegean and the Baltic Seas. Prehistory across Borders. Proceedings of the International Conference ‘Bronze and Early Iron Age Interconnections and Contemporary Developments between the Aegean and the Regions of the Balkan Peninsula, Central and Northern Europe’, University of Zagreb, 11–14 April 2005 (Aegaeum, Annales d’archéologie égéénne de l’University de Liège 27): 447–458

Amzallag, N. 2009. From Metallurgy to Bronze Age Civils. The Synthetic Theory. American Journal of Archaeology 113, 2009: 497–519.

Andreou, S. Fotiadis M. and K. Kotsakis. 2001. The Neolithic and Bronze Age of Northern Greece, in Aegean Prehistory: A Review, T. Cullen (ed.) American Journal of Archaeology Supplement 1. Archaeological Institute of America: 259–328. Boston.

Ay-Efe, D. Ş. M. 2001. The Small Finds of Orman Fidanliği, in T. Efe (ed.) The Salvage Excavations at Orman Fidanliği. A Chalcolithic site in Inland Northwestern Anatolia. Istanbul

Bassiakos, Y. and O. Philianotou 2007. Early Copper Production on Kythnos: Archaeological Evidence and Analytical Approaches to the Reconstruction of Metallurgical Process, in P. M. Day and R. C. P. Doonan (eds) Metallurgy in the Early Bronze Age Aegean (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 7).

Begemann, F., Pernicka E., and S. Schmitt Strecker 1994. Metal Finds from Ilipinar and the Advent of Arsenical Copper. Anatolica: 20

Begemann, F., Schmitt Strecker S. and E. Pernicka 2003. On the Composition and Provenance of Metals Finds from Beşiktepe, Troia. Troia and the Troad. Natural Science in Archaeology: 193–201

Belshaw, N. S., Freedman, P. A., O’Nions, R. K. Frank, M. and Y. Guo 1998. A New Variable Dispersion Double-Focussing Plasma Mass Spectometer with Performance Illustrated for Pb Isotopes. International Journal Mass Spectrometry: 181.

Bernabo-Brea, L. B. 1964. Poliochni, Città Preistorica nell’ Isola di Lemnos I. Rome.

Betancourt, P. 2006. The Chrysokamino Metallurgy Workshop and its Territory (Hesperia Supplement 36). Princeton N.J.

Betancourt, P. and J. D. Muhly 2007. The Crucibles from the Aghia Photia cemetery, in P. M. Day and R. C. P. Doonan (eds) Metallurgy in the early Bronze Age Aegean )Sheffield studies in Aegean Archaeology 7): 146–153.

Blitzer, H. B. 1995. Minoan Implements and Industries, in J.W. Shaw and M.C. Shaw (eds) Kommos: An Excavation on the South Coast of Crete. Vol. 1, Part 1: 403–535. Princeton

Bossert, E. M. 1967. Kastri auf Syros. Archaeologikon Deltion, 22: 53.

Branigan, K. 1974 Aegean Metalwork of the Early and Middle Bronze Age (Oxford Monographs on Classical Archaeology). Oxford.

Brill R. H. and J. M. Wampler 1967. Isotope Studies of Ancient Lead. American Journal of Archaeology, vol. LXXXI: 63–77.

Budd, P., Scaife, B., Taylor, T. and R. G. Thomas 1994. Untangling the Web: Some New Views on the Origins of Prehistoric Metallurgy. Journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society 28 (2): 98–102

Budd, P and T. Taylor 1995 The Faerie Smith Meets the Bronze Industry: Magic versus science in the interpretation of metal-making. World Archaeology 27:133–143

Budd, P., D. Gale, Pollard, A. M., Thomas, R G. and P. A. Williams 1993. Evaluating Lead Isotope Data: Further Observations. Archaeometry 35, 2: 241–247

Budd, P., Haggerty R., Pollard A. M., Sciafe , B. and R. G. Thomas, 1996. Rethinking the Quest for Provenance. Antiquity 70: 168–174.

Charles, J. A. 1975. Where is the Tin? Antiquity 49 :19–24

Charles, J. A. 1980. The Coming of Copper and Copper-based Alloys and Iron: A Metallurgical Sequence, in T. A. Wertime, and J. D. Muhly (eds) The Coming of the Age of Iron: 151–181. Yale University Press.

Cherry, J. F. 1981. Pattern and Process in the Earliest Colonisation of the Mediterranean Islands. Proceedings of the Prehistory Society, 47: 41–68.

Cherry, J. F. 1990. The First Colonization of the Mediterranean Islands: A Review of Recent Research. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 3: 145–221.

Chernyk, E. N. 1978. Aibunar – a Balkan Copper Mine of the Fourth Millennium BC. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 44: 203–221.

Clare, L. and B. Weniger 2008. Social and Biophysical Vulnerability of Prehistoric Societies to Rapid Climatic Change. Documenta Praehistorica XXXVII: 283–292.

Coleman, J. E. 1977. Keos, Vol. 1: Kephala – A Late Neolithic Settlement and Cemetery. Princeton.

Conophagos, C. E. 1977. Appendix I: Examination of Evidence for Metallurgy. In Coleman 1977: Keos. Vol. 1: Kephala – A Late Neolithic Settlement and Cemetery. Princeton.

Craddock, P. T. 1980. The Composition of Iberian Bronze Age Metal-work in the British Museum, in W. A. Oddy (ed.) Aspects of Early Metallurgy. (British Museum Occasional Paper17).

Craddock, P. T. and N. D. Meeks 1987. Iron in Ancient Copper. Archaeometry 29 (2): 187–204.

Davies, J. L. 2001. The Islands of the Aegean, in T. Cullen (ed.) Aegean Prehistory: A Review: 19–76. Boston.

Day, P. M., Wilson, D. E. and E. Kiriatzi 1998. Pots, Labels and People. Burying Ethnicity in the cemetery at Aghia Photia, Siteias, in K. Branigan (ed.) Cemetery and Society (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology I: : 133–149. Sheffield.

Day, P. M. and R. C. P. Doonan 2007. (eds) Metallurgy in the Early Bronze Age Aegean (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 7).

De Jesus, P., 1980. The Development of Prehistoric Mining and Metallurgy in Anatolia (British Archaeological Reports International Series 74, 1 and 2). Oxford.

Demoule, J-P and C. Perlès 1993. The Greek Neolithic: A New Review. Journal of World Prehistory 7: 355–416.

Doonan, R. C. P and P. M. Day (eds) 2007. Mixed Origins and the Origins of Mixing: Alloys and Provenance in the Early Bronze Age, in P.M. Day and R. C. P. Doonan (eds) Metallurgy in the Early Bronze Age Aegean (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 7): 1–18

Doonan, R. C. P., Day, P. M. and N. Dimopoulou-Rethemiotaki 2007. Lame excuses for emerging Complexity in Early Bronze Age Crete, in P. M. Day and R. C. P. Doonan (eds) Metallurgy in the Early Bronze Age Aegean (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 7): 98–122.

Duru, R. 1994. Kuruçay Höyük I. 1978–1988. The Late Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Settlements. Ankara.

Duru, R. 1996. Kuruçay Höyük II. 1978–1988. The Neolithic and Chalcolithic Periods. Ankara.

Dűring, B. S. 2011a. The Prehistory of Asia Minor: From Complex Hunter-Gatherers to early Urban Societies. Cambridge.

Dűring, B. S. 2011b. Characterising Chalcolithic Asia Minor, in, S. R. Steadman and G. McMahon (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia (10,000–3,000): 789–812. Oxford.

Earl, B. and H. Özbal 1996. Early Bronze Age Tin Processing at Kestel-Göltepe, Anatolia. Archaeometry 38: 289–303.

Earl, B. and H. Özbal 2006. Early Bronze Age Tin Processing at Kestel/Göltepe, Anatolia. Archaeometry 38 (2): 289–303

Earl, B. and K. A. Yener 1995. Tin Smelting at the Oriental Institute. The Oriental Institute News and Notes 146: 1–5

Erkanal, H. 2008. Liman Tepe: New Light on Prehistoric Aegean Cultures, in H. Erkanal, H. Hautpmann, V. Şahoğlu and R. Tuncel (eds). The Aegean in the Neolithic, Chalcolithic and the early Bronze Age, October 13–19, Urla. Izmir (Turkey). (Ankara University Research Centre for Maritime Archaeology, Publication 1): 179–190.

Esin, V. 1967. Kuantitatif Spektral Analiz Yardimiyla Anadolu’de Başlandicindan asur Kilonileri çağina Kadar Bakir ve Tunç Madenciliği, Taş Matbaaasi, Istanbul Űniversĭtesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayinlara. No. 1427. Istanbul.

Eslick, C. 1992. Elmali-Karataş 1. The Neolithic and Chalcolithic Periods. Bağbaşi and Other Sites. Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania.

Evans, J. D. 1964. Excavations on the Neolithic Settlement of Knossos 1957–1960, Part 1. Annals of the British School at Athens 59: 132

Evely, D., Hein A. and E. Nodarou 2012. Crucibles from Palaiokastro, East Crete: insights into metallurgical technology in the Aegean Late Bronze Age. Journal of Archaeological Science: 1–16

Farquhar, R. M. and I. R. Fletcher 1984. The Provenance of Galena from Archaic Woodlands sites in North eastern North America: Lead Isotope evidence. American Antiquity 49 (4): 774–785.

Gale, N. H. 2003. Disciplinary Fault Lines: Science and Social archaeology – Another View. Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 3, 1: 55–62.

Gale, N. H. and Z. A. Stos-Gale 1986. Oxhide ingots in Crete and Cyprus and the Bronze Age Metals trade, Annual of the British School at Athens 81: 81–100.

Gale, N. H. and Z. A. Stos-Gale 1992. Evaluating Lead Isotope Data: Comments on Sayre, E. V., Yener, K.A., Joel, E. C. and Barnes, I. L. 1992: Lead Isotope Studies in the Aegean – the British Academy Project, in A. M. Pollard, (ed.) Advances in Archaeological Science (Proceedings of the British Academy 77): 63–108

Gale, N. H. and Z. A. Stos-Gale 1993: Comments on Budd, P., Gale, D., Pollard, A. M., Thomas, R. G., and Williams, P. A. Evaluating Lead Isotope Data. Archaeometry 35 (2): 252–259

Gale, N. H. and Z. A. Stos-Gale 1996. Lead isotope methodology: the possible fractionation of lead isotope compositions during metallurgical processes, in S. Demirci, A. M. Ozer and G. D. Summers (eds) Archaeometry 94 – The Proceedings of the 29th International Symposium on Archaeometry: 287–299. Ankara.

Gale, N. H. and Z. A. Stos-Gale 2000. ‘Lead Isotope Analyses applied to Provenance Studies’, in E. Ciliberto and G. Spoto (eds) Modern Analytical Methods in Art and Archaeology: 503–584. New York: Wiley.

Gale, N. H., Stos-Gale , Z. A. and J. L. Davis 1984. The Provenance of Lead used at Ayia Irini, Keos. Hesperia 53,4: 389–406

Garstang, J. 1953. Prehistoric Mersin. Oxford.

Georgakopoulou, M. 2007. Early Cycladic Metallurgy in a Settlement Context: Examination of Metallurgical Remains from Daskaleio-Kavos, Keros (Cyclades, Greece) in J. Perez-Arantegui (ed.) 34th International Symposium on Archaeometry: Archaeometallurgy, Zaragosa, Spain, 3–7 May 2006: 169–174

Georgakopoulou, M., Bassiakos, Y. and O. Philaniotou 2011: A Study of Copper Slag Heaps and Copper Sources in the Context of Early Bronze Aegean Metal Production. Archaeometry, 53, 1: 123–145

Georgakopoulou, M. 2013. Metal Artefacts and Metallurgy, in C. Renfrew, O. Philianotou, N. Brodie, G. Gavalas and M. Boyd, The Sanctuary on Keros and the Origins of Aegean Ritual Practices, The Excavations 2006–8. Volume 1, The Settlement at Dhaskalio: 667–692. Cambridge: McDonald Institute.

Georgakopoulou, M. 2016. Mobility and early Bronze Age Southern Aegean Metal Production, in E. Kiriatzi and C. Knappett (eds) Human Mobility and Technology Transfer in the Prehistoric Mediterranean: 667–692.

Georgiades, M. 2008. The Obsidian in the Aegean beyond Melos: An Outlook from Yali. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 27 (2): 101–117.

Georgiadis, M. 2010. Neolithic Pottery from the DAI Collection, Attica. Athenische Mitteilungen 125: 1–44.

Gerritsen, F., Őzbal R., Thissen, L. and A. Galik 2010. The Late Chalcolithic Settlement of Barçin Höyük. Anatolica 36: 197–225.

Grammenos, D. 1984. Neolithic Research in Central and East Macedonia. Unpublished PhD dissertation University of Thessaloniki, Greece.

Grőgler, N., Geiss, J., Grunenfelder M. and F. G. Houtermans 1966. Isotopenuntersuchungen zur Bestimmung der Herkunft römischer Bleiohre und Bleiibarren. Zeitschrift Naturforschung 21A: 1167–1172.

Gropengiesser, H. 1987. Siphnos, Kap Agios Sostis. Keramische prähistorische Zeugnisse aus dem Gruben-und Hüttenrevier 2. Mitteilungen des deutschen archäologischen Instituts. Athenische Abteilung 102: 1–54

Gűnel, S. 2014. New Contributions Regarding Prehistoric Cultures in the Meander Region: Çine-Tepecik, in B. Horejs and M. Mehofer (eds) Western Anatolia before Troy. Protourbanisation in the fourth Millennium BC. Proceedings of the International Symposium held at the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Wien, Austria, 21–24 November 2012 (Oriental and European Archaeology 1): 83–103. Vienna: Austrian Academy of Science Press.

Hadjianastasiou, O. 1998. Simeioseis apo tin Kythno, in L. G. Mendoni and A. J. Mazarakis Ainian (eds) Kea-Kythnos: History and Archaeology: 259–273. Athens: Research Centre for Greek and Roman Antiquity.

Hadjanastasiou, O. and S. MacGillivray 1988. An Early Bronze Age Smelting Site on the Aegean island of Kythnos: Part two, the Archaeological Evidence, in J. E. Jones (ed.) Aspects of Ancient Mining and Metallurgy (Acta of a British School at Athens centenary Conference at Bangor, 1986): 31–34.

Halstead, P. 2008. Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Coping with Marginal Colonisation in the Later Neolithic and early Bronze Age of Crete and the Aegean, in V. Isaakidou, V. and P. Tomkins (eds) Escaping the Labyrinth. The Cretan Neolithic in Context (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology): 229–257. Oxford: Oxbow.

Hauptman, A., Begemann, F. and S. Schmitt Strecker 1999. Copper Objects from Arad – Their Composition and Provenance. Bulletin of the American Society of Oriental Research 214: 1–17.

Hauptmann A., Rehren, T. and S. Schmitt Strecker 2003. Early Bronze Age Copper Metallurgy at Shakhr-I Sokhta (Iran) Reconsidered, in Th. Stöllner, G. Körlin, G. Steffens and J. Cierny (eds) Man and Mining (Der Anschnitt, Beiheft 16): 197–213.

Hein, A. and V. Kilikoglou 2007. Modelling of Thermal Behaviour of Ancient Metallurgical Ceramics. Journal of American Ceramic Society, 90 (3): 878–884.

Hood, M. S. F. 1981. Excavations in Chios 1938–1955: Prehistoric Emborio and Ayio Gala Vol. 1. (British School at Athens Supplementary Volume 15). London.

Hope Simpson, R. and J. Lazenby 1970. Notes from the Dodecanese, 2. British School at Athens 65: 47 -77.

Horej, B. 2010 Çukuriçi Höyük. Neue Ausgrabungen auf einen Tell bei Ephesos, in S. Aybeck and A. Kazim (eds) Metropolis Ionia II. The Land of the Crossroads. Essays in Honor of Recep Meri Metropolisionia 2: 167–175

Horejs, B. 2014. Proto-urbanism without urban centres? A model of Transformation for the Izmir region in the 4th millennium BC., in B. Horejs and M. Mehofer (eds) Western Anatolia before Troy. Protourbanisation in the Fourth Millennium BC. Proceedings of the International Symposium held at the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Wien, Austria, 21–24 November 2012 (Oriental and European Archaeology 1): 15–42. Vienna: Austrian Academy of Science Press.

Horejs, B. and M. Mehofer (eds) 2014. Western Anatolia before Troy. Protourbanisation in the Fourth Millennium BC. Proceedings of the International Symposium held at the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Wien, Austria, 21–24 November 2012 (Oriental and European Archaeology 1). Vienna: Austrian Academy of Science Press.

Hughes, T. 1986. The Seamless Web: Technology, Science, Etcetera, Etcetera. Social Studies of Science 16: 281–292.

Kakavoyiannis, O., Douni, K. and F. Nezeri 2008. Silver metallurgical finds dating from the end of the Final Neolithic period until the Middle Bronze Age in the area of Mesogeia, in I. Tzachili (ed.) Aegean Metallurgy in the Bronze Age: 45–57. Heraklion: University of Crete Press.

Κακαβογιαννη, Ο., Δημιτριου, K., Κουτσοθανασης, X. και Α. Πετρου 2009. Οικισμός της Πρωτοελλαδικής εποχής και δύο μεμονωμένα κτίρια στη Μερέωτα, in, Σ. Κατσαρού-Τζεβελέκη (ed.) Από τα Μεσίγεια στον Αργοσαρωνικό. Β’ Εφορεία Προίστορικών Αρχαιοτήτων¨Το έργο μιας δεκαετίας, 1994–2003 (Πρακτικά Σύνεδρίου, Αθήνα 18–20 Δεκεμβρίου 2003): 159–176.

Kaptan, E. 2008. Metallurgical residues from Late Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age Liman Tepe, in H. Erkanal, H. Hautpmann, V. Şahoğlu and R. Tuncel (eds). The Aegean in the Neolithic, Chalcolithic and the early Bronze Age. Proceedings of the International Symposium, October 13–19, Urla. Izmir (Turkey). Ankara University Research Centre for Maritime Archaeology, Publication no.: 243–250.

Katsarou, S., Sampson, A. and E. Dimou 2002. Obsidian as Temper in the Neolithic Pottery from Yiali, Greece, in V. Kilikoglu, A. Hein, A and Y. Maniatis, (eds) Modern Trends in Scientific Studies on Ancient Ceramics. Papers presented to the Fifth European Meeting on Ancient Ceramics, Athens, (1999) (British Archaeological Reports International Series 1011): 111–116. Oxford: Archaeopress.

Keskin, L. 2011. Metalworking in the Western Anatolian Coastal Region in the 3rd Millennium BC, in V. Şahoğlu and P. Sotirakopoulou (eds) The Cyclades and Western Anatolia during the 3rd Millennium BC. Exhibition Catalogue: 195–222. Istanbul.

Knapp, A. B. 2002. Disciplinary Fault Lines: Science and Social Archaeology. Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 2,2: 37–44.

Kotsakis, K and A. Papanthimiou-Papaefthimiou 1989. Carbon-14 dates from Mandalo, West Macedonia, in, H. Kars and E. Burke (eds) Proceedings of the 33rd International Symposium on Archaeometry (Geoarchaeolgoical and Bioarchaeological Studies 3): 679–685. Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit.

Lamb, W. 1936. Excavations at Thermi in Lesbos. Cambridge.

Lloyd, S and J. Mellaart 1962. Beyçesultan, Vol. 1: The Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age (Occasional Papers of the British Institute in Ankara 6). London.

Lambert, N. 1981. La Grotte Préhistorique de Kitsos (Attica) (Récherches sur les Grandes Civilisation 7). Paris: Ecole Française d’Athènes.

McGeehan Liritzis, V. 1988. Seafaring, Craft and cultural Contact in the Aegean during the 3rd Millennium BC, in International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, vol. 17, issue 3: 247–256

McGeehan Liritzis and N. H. Gale 1988. Chemical and Lead Isotope Analyses of Greek Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Metals: Archaeological Implications. Archaeometry 30: 119–225.

McGeehan Liritzis, V. 1996. The Role and development of Metallurgy in the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age of Greece (Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 107/3). Sävelalen: Paul Ǻstrom förlag.

Manning, S. W. 1995. The Absolute Chronology of the Aegean Early Bronze Age, Radiocarbon and History. (Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology). Sheffield.

Mavridis, F. 2006 The Neolithic site of Pangali, Mt. Varassove Aetolias and the Late Neolithic Ib phase in the Aegean. Social transformations and changing ideologies, in S. Dietz and Y. Moschos (eds) Chalkis Aetolias I. The Prehistoric Phases. Part II, The Neolithic Remains at Pangali (Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens 9): 117–229.

Mavridis, F. and Z. Tankosić 2016 The Later Neolithic Stages in central-Southern Greece based on the Evidence from the Excavations at the Agia Triada cave, southern Euboea, in E. Kiriatzi and C. Knappett (eds) The Human Face of Radiocarbon, (TMO 69, Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditeranée): 419–436. Lyon.

Maxwell, V., Sampson, A., Skarpelis, N. and R. M. Ellam 2018. An Archaeological and Archaeometric Analysis of Early Metals from Ftelia, Mykonos, in A. Sampson and T. Tsourouni (ed.) Ftelia on Mykonos (Greece): Neolithic Networks in the Southern Aegean Volume II: 153–186. University of the Aegean.

Mehofer, M. 2011. Archaeometallurgical research at the tell Çukuriçi Höyük – archaeometric and experimental investigations of an Early Bronze Age Metal Workshop, in A. Hauptmann, D. Modarressi-Tehrani and M. Prange (eds) Archaeometallurgy in Europe III, International Conference, Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum, Germany (Metalla Sonderheft 4): 51–52.

Mehofer, M. 2014. Metallurgy during the Chalcolithic and the beginning of the Early Bronze Age in Western Anatolia, in B. Horejs and M. Mehofer (eds) Western Anatolia before Troy. Protourbanisation in the fourth Millennium BC. Proceedings of the International Symposium held at the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Wien 21–24 November 2012 (Oriental and European Archaeology 1): 463–490. Vienna: Austrian Academy of Science Press.

Meledonis, N. G. 1980. The Geological Structure and Mineral Deposits of Tinos Island (The Geology of Greece 13). Athens: Institute of Geology and Mineralogical Research.

Meledonis, N. G. and D. Constantinidis 1983. Stratabound Sulfide Mineralization of Syros (Cyclades, Greece). Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft 134: 555–575.

Moorey, P. R.S. 1994. Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries. Oxford.

Muhly, J. D. 1973. Tin Trade Routes of the Bronze Age. American Scientist 61: 404–413

Muhly, J. D. 1999. Copper and Bronze in Cyprus and in the East Mediterranean, in V.C. Pigott, The Archaeometallurgy of the Asian Old World. University of Pennsylvania.

Muhly, J. D. 2006. Chrysokamino in the History of Early Metallurgy, in P. Betancourt, The Chrysokamino Metallurgy Workshop and its Territory, (Hesperia Supplement 36). Athens: American School of Classical Studies.

Nerantzis, N., Bassiakos, Y. and S. Papadopoulos 2016. Copper Metallurgy of the Early Bronze Age in Thasos, north Aegean. Journal Archaeological Science 7: 574–80.

Noll, W. 1991. Alte Keramiken und ihre Pigmente. In Schweizerbarsche Verlagsbuchhandlung. Stuttgart

Nowicki, K. 1999. Final Neolithic refugees or Early Bronze Age newcomers? The problem of defensible sites in Crete in the late 4th millennium BC., in P. Betancourt, V. Karageorghis, R. Laffineur and W.-D. Niemeier (eds) Meletemata. Studies in Aegean Archaeology presented to Malcolm H Wiener as he enters his 65th year (Aegaeum 20): 575–581. Liège.

Nowicki, K. 2002. The End of the Neolithic in Crete. Aegean Archaeology 6: 7–72.

Nowicki, K. 2008. The Final Neolithic (Late Chalcolithic) to Early Bronze Age Transition in Crete and the Southeast Aegean Islands: Changes in Settlement Patterns and Pottery, in V. Isaakidou and P. Tomkins (eds) Escaping the Labyrinth: the Cretan Neolithic in Context (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 8): 201–228.

Ottaway, B. 1979. Analyses of the Earliest Metal Finds from Gomolava. Rad. Vojvođanskih Muzeja 25: 53–56

Özbal, H., Adriens, A. M., Earl B. and B. Gedik 2000. Minor Metallic Components Associated with Anatolian Copper and Bronze Artefacts: Indications of the Utilization of Polymetallic Ores, in K. Biro and E. Jerem (eds) Proceedings of the 31st International Symposium on Archaeometry. (British Archaeological Reports 1034; Central European Series 1). Oxford: Archaeopress.

Palmieri, A. M., Sertok K. and E. E. Chernyk 1992. Hacinebi Metal Production and Exchange. Palaeorient 25/1: 57–65

Papadatos, Y. 2007. The Beginning of Metallurgy in Crete: New Evidence from the FM-EM I Settlement at Kephala Petras, Siteia, in P. M. Day, P and R. C. P. Doonan, (eds) Metallurgy in the Early Bronze Age Aegean (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology): 154–167.

Papadatos, Y. 2008. The Neolithic-Early Bronze Age Transition in Crete: New Evidence from the Settlement at Petras Kephala, Siteia, in V. Isaakidou and P. Tomkins (eds) Escaping the Labyrinth: the Cretan Neolithic in Context (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology): 258–272.

Papaefthimiou-Papanthimou, A. and A. Pilalai-Papasteriou. 1997. Oi Proistorikoi Oikismoi sto Mandalo kais to Archonntiko Pellas. Archaeologikon Deltion, Makedonias kai Thrakis, 10A: 143–158.

Papathanassopoulos, G. A. 1971. Σπήλαιο Δήρου, ¨Αι Ανασκαφαί 1970–71. Χρονικά της Αρχαιολογίας 4: 12–26. Athens.

Papathanassopoulos, G. A. 1996. To Spilaio Alepotrypa ston Dirou Manis, in G. Papathanassopoulos, (ed.) Neolithic Culture in Greece: 80–84.

Pappa, M. and M. Bessios 1999. The Neolithic Settlement of Makriyialos, Northern Greece: Preliminary Report of 1993–1995 Excavations. Journal of Field Archaeology 26/2: 177–195.

Pernicka E. 1992: Evaluating Lead Isotope Data (Comments on Sayre et al., 1992). Archaeometry 34: 322–6.

Pernicka, E. 1995. Crisis or Catharsis in Lead Isotope Analysis? Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 8/ 1: 59–64.

Pernicka, E., Begemann, F., Schmitt Strecker, S., Todorova, H. and I. Kuleff 1997. Prehistoric Copper in Bulgaria. Its Composition and Provenance. Eurasia Antiqua 3: 41–180.

Pernicka E. 2014. The Development of Metallurgy in Western Anatolia, the Aegean and Southeastern Europe before Troy, in B. Horejs and M. Mehofer, Western Anatolia before Troy. Proto-urbanisation in the Fourth Millennium BC. Proceedings of the International Symposium held at the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Wien, Austria, 21–24 November 2012 Oriental and European Archaeology 1: 447–461. Vienna: Austrian Academy of Science Press.

Pernicka E. and G. A. Wagner 1982. Lead Silver and Gold in Ancient Greece: An Archaeometric Study. PACT 7: 419–425.

Pernicka E., Begemann, F., Schmitt-Strecker S. and A. P. Grimanis 1990. On the Composition and Provenance of Metal Artefacts from Poliochni on Lemnos. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 9/3: 263–298.

Phelps, W., Varoufakis , G. and R. E. Jones 1979. Five Copper Axes from Greece. Annals of the British School at Athens 74: 175.

Pilali Papasteriou, A. 1977. Social Evidence from the Interpretation of Middle Minoan Figures, in I. Hodder, The Meaning of Things. Culture and Symbolic Expression (One World Archaeology): 97–102. Cambridge.

Pilali Papasteriou A., Papaefthimiou-Papanthimou, A., Kotsakis, K. and T. Savopoulou 1986. Neos Proistorikos Oikismos sto Mandalo Dutikis Makedonias, in Arxaia Makedonia IV: Anakoinoseis kata to Tetarto Diethnes Symposio, Thessaloniki, 21–25 September 1983: 451–465

Pinarelli, L., Salvi, D. and G. Ferrara 1985. The Source of Ancient Roman Lead, as deduced from Lead Isotopes: The Ingots from Mal di Ventre Wreck (Western Sardinia). Science and Technology for Cultural Heritage 4/1: 79–86.

Pryce, T. A., Bassiakos, Y. and M. Catapotis 2007. ‘De Caerimoniae’ Technological Choices in Copper-Smelting Furnace Design at Early Bronze Age Chrysokamino, Crete. Archaeometry 49: 543–557.

Rehkämper, M. and A. N. Halliday 1988. Accuracy and Long-term Reproducibility of Lead Isotopic Measurements by Multiple-collector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy Using an External Method for Correction of Mass Discrimination. International Journal Mass Spectrometry 181: 123–133.

Renfrew, A. C. and E. Slater 2003. Metal Artefacts and Metallurgy, in E. Slater and A. C. Renfrew (eds) Prehistoric Sitagroi: Excavations in Northeast Greece, 1968–1970, vol. 2: The Final Report (Monumenta Archaeologika 20): 302–311.

Roodenberg, J. J. 2008. The Late Chalcolithic Cemetery, in J. J. Roodenberg and S. Alpaslan Roodenberg (eds) Life and death in a Prehistoric settlement in Northwest Anatolia. The Ilipinar Excavations III. With Contributions on Hacilartepe and Menteşe: 315–333. Leiden.

Şahoğlu, V. 2008. Liman Tepe and Bakla Tepe: New Evidence for the Relations between the Izmir Region, the Cyclades and the Greek Mainland during the Late Fourth and Third Millennia BC, in H. Erkanal, H. Hauptmann, V. Şahoğlu and R. Tuncel (eds)The Aegean in the Neolithic, Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age. Ankara

Şahoğlu, V. and R. Tuncel 2014. New Insights into the Late Chalcolithic of Coastal Western Anatolia: A View from Bakla Tepe, Izmir, in B. Horejs and M. Mehofer (eds) Western Anatolia before Troy. Protourbanisation in the fourth Millennium BC. Proceedings of the International Symposium held at the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Wien, Austria, 21–24 November 2012. (Oriental and European Archaeology 1): 65–82. Vienna: Austrian Academy of Science Press.

Salemink, J. 1985. Skarn and Ore Formation at Seriphos, Greece, as a Consequence of Granodiorite Intrusion. Geologica Untrajectina 40: 231.

Sampson, A. 1984. The Neolithic of the Dodecanese and Aegean Neolithic. Annals of the British School at Athens 79: 239–249.

Sampson, A. 1985. The Caves and their use in Euboea. Archaeologia 15.

Sampson, A. 1987. I Neolithiki Periodos sto Dodekanisia. Tameio Archaiologikon Poron kai Apolotrioseon. Athens.

Sampson, A. 1988. Neolithiki Katoikise sto Gyali tes Nisyrou. Athens.

Sampson, A. 2002. The Neolithic Settlement at Ftelia, Mykonos. Rhodes: University of the Aegean.

Sayre, E. V., Joel, E. C., Blackman, M. J., Yener, K. A. and H. Őzbal 2001. Stable Lead Isotope Studies of Black Sea Anatolian Ore Sources and Related Bronze Age and Phrygian Artefacts from Nearby Archaeological Sites. Archaeoemetry 34: 73–106.

Sayre, E. V., K. Yener, K. A., Joel , E. C. and J. Barnes 1992. Statistical Evaluation of the Presently Accumulated Lead Isotope Data from Anatolia and surrounding Regions. Archaeometry 34: 73–106.

Schoop, U-D. 2011. Some thoughts on social and economic development in western Anatolia after the fourth and third millennia BC., in A. N. Bilgen, R. von den Hoff, S. Sandalci and S. Silek (eds.) Archaeological Research in Western Central Anatolia: 29–45. Dumlupinar.

Schoop, U.-D. 2015. Çamlibeltarlasi: Late Chalcolithic settlement and economy in the Budaközű Valley (North-central Anatolia)., in S. R. Steadman and G. McMahon (eds) The Archaeology of Anatolia: Recent Discoveries 2011–2014: 46–68.

Séféraides, M. 1992. Le Métal, in R. Treuil (ed.) Dikili Tash: Village Préhistorique de Macédoine Orientale, 1. Fouilles de Jean Deshayes (1961–1975). Bulletin de Correspondence Helléniques, Supplement XXIV.

Sherratt, S. 2007. The Archaeology of Metal Use in the Early Bronze Age Aegean, in P. M. Day and R. C. P. Doonan, (eds) Metallurgy in the Early Bronze Age Aegean (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 7): 245–263.

Skarpelis, N. 2002. Geodynamics and Evolution of the Miocene Mineralizations in the Cycladic Pelagonian Belt, Hellenides. Bulletin Geological Society, Greece 34/6: 2191–2206.

Skarpelis, N. 2007. The Laurion deposit: geology, mineralogy and minor elements chemistry. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie 183/3: 227‐249.

Skarpelis, N. and S. Triantafylidis 2004. Geological Sites with Outstanding Metallogenic, Mineralogical and Archaeo-mining Importance, Needing Conservation in the Attico-Cycladic Belt (Greece) Fifth International Symposium on Eastern Mediterranean Geology. Thessaloniki

Slater, E. A. 1972. Metallurgical Analyses of Bronze Age Techniques. Unpublished PhD dissertation .Appendix I. Cambridge University.

Stos-Gale, Z. A. 1989. Cycladic Copper Metallurgy, in A. Hauptmann, E. Pernicka and G. A. Wagner (eds) Archäometallurgie der Alten Welt/Old World Archaeometallurgy (Der Anschnitt 7): 279–91.

Stos-Gale, Z. A. 1992 The Origins of Metal Objects from the Early Bronze Age Site of Thermi on the island of Lesbos. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 11/ 2: 155–177.

Stos-Gale, Z. A. and N. H. Gale 2009. Metal Provenancing using Isotopes and the Oxford Archaeological Lead Isotope Database (OXALID). Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 1/3: 195–213.

Stos-Gale, Z. A., Gale, N. H., Houghton, J. and R. Speakman 1995. Lead Isotope Analyses of Ores from the Western Mediterranean. Archaeometry 37/2: 407–415.

Televantou, C. 2008. Strofilias. A Neolithic settlement on Andros, in N. J. Brodie, J. Doole, G. Gavalas and A. C. Renfrew Horizon, A Colloquium in the Prehistory of the Cyclades, 25–28 March Volume 1: 43–53. Cambridge: Macdonald Institute for Archaeological Research.

Theocharis, D. 1973. Neolithic Greece. Athens: National Bank of Greece.

Thornton, C., Rehren, T. and V. C. Pigott 2009. The Production of Speiss (Iron Arsenide) during the Early Bronze Age in Iran. Journal of Archaeological Science 36: 308–316

Todaro, S. 2012. Craft production and social practices at Prepalatial Phaistos. The background to the first ‘Palace’, in I Schoep, P Tomkins J Driessen (eds) Back to the Beginning. Reassessing Social and Political Complexity in Crete during the Early and Middle Bronze Age: 195–235. Oxford.

Todaro, S. and S. Di Tinto 2008. The Neolithic settlement at Phaistos revisited. Evidence for ceremonial activity on the eve of the Bronze Age in V. Isaakidou and P. Tomkins (eds) Escaping the Labyrinth. The Cretan Neolithic in Context (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology): 177–190

Todorova, H. 1999. Die Anfänge der Metallurgie an der westlichen Schwarzmeerkünste, in A. Hauptmann, E. Pernicka, T. Rehren and Ű. Yalçin (eds) The Beginnings of Metallurgy. Proceedings of the International Conference ‘The Beginnings of Metallurgy.’ (Der Anschnitt Beiheft 9/1955): 237–246. Bochum.

Tombros, S. and S. K. Seymour 1998. Applied Geothermometry of the Hydrothermal Conditions. An Application of Hornblende Geobarometry. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 33: 39–50.

Tomkins, P. 2007. Neolithic. Strata IX-VIII, VII-VIB, VIA-V, IV, IIIB, IIIA, IIB, IIA AND IC Groups, in N. Momigliano (ed.) Knossos Pottery Handbook Neolithic and Bronze Age (Minoan). The Annual of the British School at Athens Special Studies 14: 9–48

Tomkins, P. 2008. Time, space and the reinvention of the Cretan Neolithic, in V. Isaakidou and P. Tomkins (eds) Escaping the Labyrinth: the Cretan Neolithic in Context (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology): 21–48.

Tomkins, P. 2014. Tracing Complexity in ‘the Missing Millennium’: An Overview of recent research into the Final Neolithic Period on Crete. In B. Horejs and M. Mehofer, Western Anatolia before Troy. Proto-urbanisation in the Fourth Millennium BC. Proceedings of the International Symposium held at the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Wien, Austria, 21–24 November 2012 (Oriental and European Archaeology 1): 345–366. Vienna: Austrian Academy of Science Press.

Toufexis, G. 2016. Palioskala: A Late Neolithic, Final Neolithic and early bronze Age Settlement in the eastern Thessalian Plan (Central Greece), in Z. Tsirtsoni The Human Face of Radiocarbon. Reassessing Chronology in Prehistoric Greece and Bulgaria 5000–3000 cal BC (Travaux de la Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée).

Tsountas, C. 1908. Ai Proistoriki Akropoleis Diminiou kai Sesklou. Library of Athens Archaeological Society. Athens.

Wagner, G. A., Pernicka, E., Seeliger, R., Lorentz, I. B., Begemann, F. Schmitt-Streckers, C. Eibener, E. and O. Oztrunali 1986.Geocheische undiotopische Characteristika früher Rohstoffquellen für Kupfer, Blei and Silber und Gold in der

Türkei. Jahrbuch des Römisch Germanischen Zentralmuseums 33: 723–752.

Wagner, G. A. and G. Weisgerber 1985. Silber, Blei und Gold auf Sifnos. Deutsches Bergbau Museum.

White, W. M., Albarde. P. and P. Telouk 2000. High Precision Analysis of Pb Isotope ratios by Multi Collector ICP-MS. Chemical Geology 167: 257–270.

Yakar, J. 1984. Regional and Local Schools of Metallurgy in EBA Anatolia. Anatolian Studies XXIV: 59–86.

Yalçin, Ű. 2000. Anfänge der Metallverwendung in Anatolien, Anatolian Metal I (Der Anschnitt, Beiheft 13): 17–30. Bochum.

Zachos, K. 1987. Naxos-Spilaio Za. Archaeologikon Dheltion 42/B: 649–700.

Zachos, K. 2007. The Neolithic Background: A Reassessment, in P. M. Day and R. C. P. Doonan (eds.) Metallurgy in the Early Bronze Age Aegean (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 7):168–206.

Zachos K. 2010. Η μεταλλουργία στην Ελλάδα και στη ΝΑ Ευρώπη κατά τη 5η και 4η χιλιετία π.Χ. In N. Papadimitriou and Z. Tsirtsoni (eds.) Η Ελλάδα στο πολιτισμικό πλαίσιο των Βαλκανίων κατά 5η και 4η χιλιετία π. Χ. Athens: 76–91.

Zimmerman, T. 2011. Frühe Metalobjekte zwischen westlichem Schwarzmeer und Taurusgebirge im kultischen und profanen Kontext – neue Studien zu Rohstoffen, Technologie und sozialem Zeigerwert, in U. L. Dietz and A. Jockenhövel (eds) Bronzen im Spannungsfeld zwischen praktischer Nützung und symbolischer Bedeutung Beiträge zum internationalen Kolloquium am 9–10 Oktober 2008, Münster (Prähistorische Bronzefunde, 20, 13): 297–313. Münster.

Published

01/01/2019

How to Cite

Maxwell, V., Ellam, R. M., Skarpelis, N., & Sampson, A. (2019). The context and nature of the evidence for metalworking from mid 4th millennium Yali (Nissyros). Journal of Greek Archaeology, 4, 1–30. https://doi.org/10.32028/jga.v4i.473

Issue

Section

Prehistory and Protohistory