The Assyrian Eastern Frontier Girdi Gulak, a Fortified Settlement in the Zagros Foothills. Preliminary Results of the Danish Archaeological Expedition to Iraq
Keywords:
Girdi Gulak, Zagros Mountains, eastern frontier of the Neo-Assyrian EmpireAbstract
The eastern frontier of the Neo-Assyrian Empire is an important area of research for understanding the state, its organisation and its defence. Our knowledge of these borderlands was until recently limited, though it is generally accepted that the foothills of the Zagros Mountains marked a frontier region (e.g. Liverani 2004; Radner et al. 2016). New archaeological research in the Zagros foothills of Iraq has shed light on the eastern frontiers of the Assyrian empire (see e.g. Radner et al. 2016; Miglus 2016; Ur et al. 2013).
References
D’Agostino A., Eidem, J, Giannessi, D., Mazzoni S., Orsi, V. and Raheem, K. R. 2016. Archaeological Survey of Qaladze (Sulaymania Governorate, Iraq), 2013. Anatolica 42: 77-110.
Al-Soof, B. A. 1970. Mounds on the Ranya Plain and Excavations at Tall Basmusian (1956). Sumer 26: 3–31 and 65–104.
Amin, O. S. M 2015. Nimrud Ivories at the Sulaymaniyah Museum. http://etc.ancient.eu/exhibitions/nimrud-ivories-sulaymaniyah-museum Accessed 29 January 2018.
Dezsö, T., Gábor, K., Mordovin, M., Masek, Z., Szabo, N. Ismail, B. B., Rasheed, K., Weisz, A., Sandor, L., Khwsnaw, A. and Amin, A. A. H. 2016. Preliminary Report of the Hungarian Archaeological Mission of the Eötvös Loránd University to Grd-i Tle (Saruchawa) in Iraqi Kurdistan. Dissertationes Archaeologicae Ser. 3. No. 4: 233-240
Dezsö, T. and Mordovin, M. 2016. The First Season of the Excavation of Grd-i Tle. The Fortications of Grd-i Tle (Field 1). Dissertationes Archaeologicae Ser. 3. No. 4: 241-262.
Hasegawa, A. Yamada, S., Ismail, B. B. 2016. Archaeological Investigations at Grd-i Tle in the Ranya Plain, Iraqi Kurdistan. Al-Ràfidàn 37: 143-152
Liverani, M. 2004. Assyria in the Ninth Century: Continuity or Change? In: G. Frame (ed.), From the Upper Sea to the Lower Sea: Studies on the History of Assyria and Babylonia in Honour of A. K. Grayson: 213-226. Istanbul and Leiden.
Levine, L. 1973. Geographical Studies in the Neo Assyrian Zagros. Iran 11: 1-28.
Levine, L. 1974. Geographical Studies in the Neo Assyrian Zagros-II. Iran 12: 99-124.
Miglus, P. A. About Bakr Awa 2016. In: K. Kopanias and J. MacGinnis (eds), Archaeological Research in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and the Adjacent Areas: 229-239. Oxford: Archaeopress.
Radner, K. Kreppner J. and Squitieri, A. (eds) 2016. Exploring the Neo-Assyrian Frontier with Western Iran: The 2015 Season at Gird-i Bazar and Qalat-i Dinka. Peshdar Plain Project Publications 1. Gladbeck: PeWe-Verlag.
Radner, K. Kreppner J. and Squitieri, A. (eds) 2017a. Unearthing the Dinka Settlement Complex: The 2016 Season at Gird-i Bazar and Qalat-i Dinka (Peshdar Plain Project Publications 2). Gladbeck: PeWe-Verlag.
Radner, K., Kreppner, J. and Squitieri, A. 2017b. The Peshdar Plain Project, 2015-2016: A Major Neo-Assyrian Settlement on the Empire’s Eastern Border.’ Ash-sharq: 1/1: 124-130.
Skuldbøl, T. B. B. and Colantoni, C. 2016a. Early Urbanism on the Margins of Upper Mesopotamia – Complex Settlement Patterns and Urban Transformations on the Rania Plain in Northeastern Iraq. In M. Iamoni (ed.), Trajectories of Complexity. Socio-Economic Dynamics in Upper Mesopotamia in the Neolithic and Chalcolithic Periods (Studia Chaburensia Vol. 6): 1-26. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
Skuldbøl, T. B. B. and Colantoni, C. 2016b. First Results of the Rania Plain Survey. Salvage Operations in the Dokan Dam Inundation Zone. In Proceedings of the 9th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East June 9-13, 2014, University of Basel. Volume 3: Reports: 131-145. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
Siddall, L. 2016. Assyrian Clay Hands from Nimrud in the Australian Institute of Archaeology. Buried History 52: 31-34.
Tsuneki, A., Rasheed, K. , Saber A. A., Nishiyama, S., Anma, R., Ismail, B. B. Hasegawa, A. Tatsumi, Y. Miyauchi, Y., Ammo, S. J., Makino, M. and Kudo, Y. 2015. Excavations at Qalat Said Ahmadan, Slemani, Iraq-Kurdistan: First Interim Report (2014 Season). Al-Ràfidàn 36: 1-63.
Ur, J., Jong, L. de, Giraud, J., Osborne, J. F. and Macginnis, J. 2013. Ancient Cities and Landscapes in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq: The Erbil Plain Archaeological Survey 2012 Season. Iraq 75: 89-117.
